I B R.AFIY OF THL UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 580.5 FB v.30 'c- Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. University of Illinois Library AUG 15 1! tfr L161 H41 ORCHIDS OF PERU Photograph by Louis O. Williams CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH FIELDIANA: BOTANY A Continuation of the BOTANICAL SERIES of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 30 CHICAGO, U.S.A. 1958-1961 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-10546 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS ORCHIDS OF PERU CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH 7* era ,/FIELDIANA: BOTANY VOLUME 30, NUMBER 2 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM MARCH 27, 1959 RIOLOG'l VARGASIELIA s Vargosiella peruviana C. Schweinf. 1, plants; X % 2, flower, from side; X 1 1 A. 3, dorsal sepal; X 2. 4, petal; X 2. 5, lip, expanded, from above; X 2. 6, column and lip, from side; X 2. 7, anther with pollinia, from below; X 8. ORCHIDS OF PERU ORCHIDS OF PERU CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH Research Fellow, Ames Orchid Herbarium Botanical Museum of Harvard University FIELDIANA: BOTANY VOLUME 30, NUMBER 2 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM MARCH 27, 1959 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-105^6 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS CONTENTS Genera Included in Volume 30, Number 2 Pleurothallis 261 Liparis 373 Lepanthopsis 358 Diothonea 380 Brachionidium 360 Amblostoma 384 Octomeria 361 Hexisea 387 Vargasiella 367 Lanium 388 Malaxis . 367 Epidendrum 390 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Vargasiella perurviana Frontispiece TEXT FIGURES PAGE 46. Pleurothallis angustipetala 273 47. Pleurothallis carinata 278 48. Pleurothallis carnosifolia 280 49. Pleurothallis crateriformis 289 50. Pleurothallis cyathiflora 291 51. Pleurothallis echinocarpa, P. brevispicata 299 52. Pleurothallis excisa 300 53. Pleurothallis remotiflora 303 54. Pleurothallis graciliscapa 308 55. Pleurothallis hirsutissima 311 56. Pleurothallis inaequisepala, P. tenuis 313 57. Pleurothallis longiserpens 317 58. Pleurothallis magnipetala 319 59. Pleurothallis pantasmoides 323 60. Pleurothallis quadrata, P. dilatata 329 61. Pleurothallis retusiloba 331 62. Pleurothallis ringens 334 63. Pleurothallis ruscifolia 337 64. Pleurothallis spathulifolia, P. caudatipetala 343 65. Pleurothallis Talpinaria 345 66. Pleurothallis tenuifolia 347 67. Pleurothallis Vargasii 355 68. Lepanthopsis floripecten 359 69. Octomeria complanata 363 70. Octomeria semiconnata 366 71. Liparis elata 375 72. Liparis laticuneata 378 73. Diothonea exasperata 382 74. Amblostoma gracile var. robustum 386 75. Epidendrum ampliracemum 407 PAGE 76. Epidendrum aquaticoides 409 77. Epidendrum birostratum 414 78. Epidendrum breviracemum 417 79. Epidendrum capitellatum 418 80. Epidendrum carnosiflorum, E. latisegmentum 420 81. Epidendrum ciliare 423 82. Epidendrum crassum 428 83. Epidendrum difforme 436 84. Epidendrum elatum 438 85. Epidendrum laceratum 462 86. Epidendrum Macbridei, E. liguliferum 465 87. Epidendrum magnicallosum, E. subreniforme 470 88. Epidendrum minutidentatum, E. orbiculatum 475 89. Epidendrum minutiflorum, E. nanum . 477 90. Epidendrum nocturnum 482 91. Epidendrum pilosum 494 92. Epidendrum pubiflorum 497 93. Epidendrum pygmaeum 499 94. Epidendrum rectopedunculatum 501 95. Epidendrum reflexilobum 503 96. Epidendrum refractoides 503 97. Epidendrum rigidum 506 98. Epidendrum Schlechterianum 511 99. Epidendrum strictiforme 517 100. Epidendrum strobiliferum 518 101. Epidendrum subliberum 520 102. Epidendrum tenuispathum 522 Orchids of Peru PLEUROTHALLIS R. Br. (Humboldtia Ruiz and Pav. in part) A large and variable genus of American orchids which are commonly epiphytic; according to some recent researches, the genus includes Restrepia and Barbosella. Primary stems long-creeping or abbreviated. Secondary stems not pseudo- bulbous, distant or crowded, minute to elongate, simple and apically 1-leaved or branched (superposed), very rarely leafy, more or less concealed by tubular sheaths which sometimes terminate in a flaring, hispid mouth. Leaves orbicular to linear (often cordate) or terete, short or elongate. Inflorescences axillary, 1 to numerous, 1- to many-flowered and racemose. Flowers minute to relatively large. Dorsal sepal free or very shortly connate with the lateral sepals at the base. Lateral sepals entirely connate to free. Petals commonly much smaller than the sepals, longer than broad. Lip about equaling the petals or smaller, simple to several-lobed. Column abbreviated to elongate, often winged above, with a more or less distinct foot. Pollinia either 2 or 4. Al . Cauline sheaths lepanthif orm, i.e., tubular with a spreading, hispid mouth . I A2. Cauline sheaths not lepanthif orm, i.e., without spreading, hispid mouth. . .8 la. Sepals ciliate or scabrous on the margin 1 Ib. Sepals smooth on the margin; lip lightly 3-lobed or simple 2 la. Leaves oval or broadly oblong, rounded and emarginate at the tip; sepals narrowed to a long, subulate apex; lip 3-lobed near the base. P. chamaelepanthes Ib Leaves linear-elliptic to elliptic, obtuse to acute; sepals acute to subacute; lip simple ....P.tiliaris 2a. Dorsal sepal not linear, acute or short-acuminate 3 2b. Dorsal sepal linear or abruptly long-acuminate or caudate above 4 3a Inflorescences much surpassing the leaf; petals narrowly oblanceolate. P. dura 3b. Inflorescences subequaling the leaf ; petals oblong-obovate ... P. brevispicata 4a Leaf much longer than the inflorescences; lip little longer than broad. P. inaequisepala 4b. Leaf much shorter than the inflorescences; lip much longer than broad. . 5 5a Petals rounded above; pedicels only about twice as long as the floral bracts. P. arbuscula 5b. Petals acute, acuminate or caudate; pedicels much surpassing the minute floral bracts 6a Lip simple; petals minutely denticulate; stems superposed or branched. P. dinotherii (P. diptera, P. tricaudata) 6b. Lip lightly but distinctly 3-lobed near the base; petals entire 7 261 262 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 7a. Stems simple, short (up to 4 cm. long), 1-leafed at the summit; leaves commonly 2 cm. or more long P. tennis 7b. Stems commonly branched or superposed, more or less leafy; leaves 1.8 cm. or less long P. amygdalodora 8a. Ovary densely long-hirsute or densely muricate 9 8b. Ovary glabrous or short-pubescent 12 9a. Entire plant (including the outer surface of the sepals) densely long-hirsute; inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, fasciculate P. hirsutissima 9b. Entire plant glabrous; inflorescences more or less elongate, racemose, with the floral bracts conspicuous, spreading, dorsally carinate 10 lOa. Lip with a pair of prominent falcate-lanceolate lobes near the base, lamina distinctly bicallose; petals with a pedicellate tubercle near the base in front P. gigantea lOb. Lip without a pair of prominent falcate-lanceolate lobes, lamina not dis- tinctly bicallose; petals without a pedicellate tubercle at the base 11 lla. Petals decurrent on the column and often obliquely round-auriculate on one or each side at the base; lip with a narrow, acute or obtuse apex. P. muricata (P. sororia, P. rufescens) lib. Petals not decurrent on the column, with a minute tooth on each side at the base; lip with a broad, denticulate apex P. echinocarpa 12a. Secondary stems abbreviated or short and indistinct 13 12b. Secondary stems more or less elongate, commonly about one third as long as the leaf or more 26 13a. Petals long-ciliate; plant small, caespitose P. macroblepharis 13b. Petals not long-ciliate 14 14a. Sepals with a broad dorsal keel throughout P. trialala 14b. Sepals, at least the dorsal one, without a broad keel throughout 15 15a. Lip pandurate, i.e., distinctly and sharply narrowed in the middle of each side 16 15b. Lip not pandurate 18 16a. Petals abruptly caudate; plant caespitose, very small P. caudatipetala 16b. Petals not caudate, rounded to retuse above; plants with a creeping rhi- zome 17 17a. Sepals not caudate; flowers very small; margins of the lip entire. .P. dedivis 17b. Sepals long-caudate; flowers relatively large; margins of the anterior half of the lip fimbriate P. longiserpens 18a. Plant with a prominent, long-creeping rhizome 19 18b. Plant caespitose, with an abbreviated or shortly creeping rhizome 20 19a. Inflorescence shorter than or subequaling the leaf, commonly several- flowered; petals cuneate to spatulate P. macrorhiza (P. rhizomatosa) 19b. Inflorescence much exceeding the leaf, always 1-flowered; petals gradually linear-attenuate P. rhynchantha 20a. Column abbreviated; lip long-narrowed and acuminate 21 20b. Column more or less elongate; lip acute to rounded at the apex 22 21a. Plant very small, leaves 1 to rarely 3.5 cm. long and 4 mm. or less wide; petals linear-lanceolate. P. lancilabris var. oxyglossa (P. oxyglossa, P. Schulzeana) 21b. Plant medium-sized, leaves 4 cm. or more long and 10 mm. wide; petals ovate-lanceolate . . . P. misera SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 263 22a. Rachis of the inflorescence abbreviated; inflorescences 1-flowered or sub- umbellate; lip rhombic P. parvifolia 22b. Rachis of the inflorescence elongate; inflorescences racemose; lip not rhombic 23 23a. Sepals densely villous within; petals broadly cuneate-spatulate to lunate- semiorbicular from a slender claw P. flexuosa (P. remotiflora) 23b. Sepals glabrous within; petals not broadly cuneate to lunate-semiorbicular nor clawed 24 24a. Sepals linear, free, about 1.5 cm. or more long; petals linear or linear- lanceolate, minutely ciliate P. attenuata 24b. Sepals ovate to lanceolate, the lateral ones more or less connate, about 1 cm. or less long; petals not linear 25 25a. Petals oblong-oblanceolate; lip oblong, about the same width throughout. P. Grobyi (P. picta) 25b. Petals elliptic-lanceolate; lip ovate-oblong, widest near the base. P. spathulifolia 26a. Stems provided with several distichous leaves. .P. caulescens (P. graminea) 26b. Stems 1-leafed at the summit; if branching, 1-leafed at the apex of each stem-member 27 27a. Inflorescences 1-flowered, often clustered 28 27b. Inflorescences several- to many-flowered 56 28a. Leaf abruptly rounded or cordate at the base, sessile 29 28b. Leaf narrowed below, or if rounded at the base provided with a distinct petiole 42 29a. Petals relatively large, oblong-lanceolate or linear-elliptic, nearly straight and subentire; leaves often sharply reflexed; plant small. . .P. magnipetala 29b. Petals relatively small, subulate, linear to linear-oblanceolate or triangular- lanceolate (if oblong-lanceolate, strongly falcate and denticulate) 30 30a. Margin of the petals entire 31 30b. Margin of the petals denticulate to pubescent 35 3 la. Dorsal sepal much broader than the lamina of the united lateral sepals; lip deeply concave-saccate P. crateriformis 31b. Dorsal sepal more or less narrower than the lamina of the united lateral sepals 32 32a. Flowers large; sepals 9 mm. or more long 33 32b. Flowers small; sepals 6 mm. or less long 34 33a. Lip elliptic-lanceolate in outline, constricted near the base; leaf deeply cordate at the base P. chanchamayoensis 33b. Lip suborbicular-ovate, without a basal constriction; leaf lightly cordate or rounded at the base P. ruberrima 34a. Margins of the lip prominently thickened, lamina elliptic-oblong, acute; petals triangular-linear with a distinctly broadened base; leaf broadly ovate. P. syringifolia 34b. Margins of the lip not conspicuously thickened; petals not distinctly broadened at the base; leaf usually oblong-ovate P. tridentata 35a. Petals narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, strongly falcate-incurved. P. cordata (P. brachyblephara) 35b. Petals subulate to narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate 36 264 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 36a. Sepals pubescent; lip broadly obtuse to rounded at the apex; flowers rela- tively large P. grandiflora 36b. Sepals glabrous; lip obtuse to abruptly acute or apiculate; flowers com- monly small 37 37a. Rhizome creeping, prominent P. undulata 37b. Rhizome abbreviated, plant caespitose 38 38a. Leaves rounded to shallowly cordate at the base, relatively narrow, oblong-linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong 39 38b. Leaves more or less deeply cordate at the base, broadly ovate or lanceo- late-ovate 41 39a. Lip with a conspicuous narrow claw at the base, obtuse to rounded at the apex P. scabrilinguis 39b. Lip without a conspicuous narrow claw at the base, more or less acute or apiculate at the apex 40 40a. Leaves linear to lanceolate-oblong, 8.5 cm. or less long; sepals 6 mm. or less long; dorsal sepal narrower than the lamina of the united lateral sepals. P. juninensis var. angustifolia 40b. Leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 10 cm. or more long; dorsal sepal slightly broader than the lamina of the united lateral sepals. P. juninensis var. subaequisepala 41a. Plant small, mature leaves 4 cm. or less long; lamina of the united lateral sepals broadly ovate, not gradually narrowed above, about 3.7 mm. long. P. graciliscapa 41b. Plant relatively large, mature leaves 5 cm. or more long; lamina of the united lateral sepals lanceolate-ovate, distinctly narrowed above, 5.7 mm. or more long P. juninensis 42a. Secondary stems distinctly separated on an elongated rhizome 43 42b. Secondary stems approximate, either with, or generally without, a creep- ing rhizome (in P. frutex and var., the base of the much-branched stems has not been collected) 44 43a. Dorsal sepal much longer and narrower than the lateral sepals; petals serrate, much shorter than the sepals P. fimbriata 43b. Dorsal sepal about equal to the lateral sepals; petals with entire margins, about as long as the sepals P. trachychlamys 44a. Dorsal sepal and petals with a long-clavate, fleshy apex; stem concealed by loose, maculate sheaths P. fimbrilabia 44b. Dorsal sepal and petals not long-clavate above; stem generally without loose, maculate sheaths 45 45a. Leaf oval, rounded above, rounded to broadly cuneate below, abruptly petioled; lip with narrow lobes near the base P. ringens 45b. Leaf not oval, varying from oblong or elliptic to linear-elliptic or oblong- lanceolate 46 46a. Lip triapiculate at the more or less broadened apical part. P. Talpinaria (P. trimeroglossa) 46b. Lip not triapiculate above 47 47a. Flowers large, sepals about 2 cm. or more long 48 47b. Flowers small, sepals about 1.8 cm. or less long 51 48a. Outer surface of the sepals densely short-pubescent P. serripetala 48b. Outer surface of the sepals glabrous 49 49a. Flowers 1-4, distinctly pedicellate; sepals linear-lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate; base of the lip with a pair of abbreviated lobes or auricles. .50 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 265 49b. Flowers numerous, subsessile; sepals all subulate-attenuate from an ovate- lanceolate base; lip without basal auricles. . .P. Poeppigii (P. myoxanthus) 50a. Mid-lobe of the lip filiform, with entire margins P. tentaculata 50b. Mid-lobe of the lip oblong-oblanceolate, with erose or pubescent margins. P. hemirhoda 51a. Lip suborbicular, disc with a pair of conspicuous bilobed humps. P. Archidonae 51b. Lip not suborbicular, either ovate or oblong 52 52a. Disc of the lip with a central callus near the base and a prominent clavate- thickened mid-nerve near the apex; petals linear-attenuate. P. ruscifolia (P. multicaulis) 52b. Disc of the lip without a central callus near the base or a clavate-thickened mid-nerve above 53 53a. Flowers sessile or nearly so 54 53b. Flowers distinctly pedicelled 55 54a. Stems copiously branched; leaves up to 9.2 cm. long; anterior part of the lip more or less narrower than the basal part P. frutex 54b. Stems few-branched; leaves up to 16 cm. long; anterior part of the lip as broad as or broader than the basal part P. frutex var. robusta 55a. Perianth elongate; sepals lanceolate-linear P. affinis 55b. Perianth abbreviated; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. P. rigidifolia 56a. Petals serrate to fimbriate or pubescent (sometimes obscurely so) 57 56b. Petals entire on the margins, very rarely irregular in places or minutely papillose 72 57a. Flowers large, sepals 3.5 cm. or more long; petals subequal to the sepals; raceme erect, much surpassing the leaf. . . .P. phalangifera 1 (P. Mathewsii) 57b. Flowers relatively small, sepals 1.8 cm. or less long; petals distinctly shorter than the sepals 58 58a. Inflorescence much longer than the subtending leaf, erect 59 58b. Inflorescence shorter than the leaf, or, if longer, nodding or diffuse 60 59a. Petals and lip abruptly narrowed above the middle P. scabrata 59b. Petals and lip not abruptly narrowed above P. cilidta var. elongala 60a. Leaf deeply cordate at the base; stems terete P. trachysepala* 60b. Leaf very shortly cordate to cuneate at the base 61 61 a. Racemes not subtended by a large and conspicuous spathe 62 61b. Racemes subtended by a large and conspicuous spathe; petals pubescent. P. spathata 62a. Inflorescences arising from the base of the leaf 63 62b. Inflorescences arising above the base of the leaf 68 1 The flowers of this concept (as Acronia phalangifera) were described as having a bipartite lip, but the species was placed as a synonym of P. Mathewsii by Lindley (Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis p. 8, no. 30. 1859) without comment. There seems to be no reasonable doubt that P. phalangifera and P. Mathewsii are conspecific. 2 This species, which has the general appearance of the section of Pleurothallis having cordate leaves with 1 -flowered inflorescences, is described as having few- flowered racemes. However, judged from a photograph of the vegetative parts and from most of the description, the concept might be referable even to P. cordata (Ruiz & Pav.) Lindl. 266 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 63a. Lip sharply 3-lobed near the base 64 63b. Lip simple or subsimple (at most with rounded and indistinct lateral lobes) 66 64a. Petals with a distinct narrow claw P. Smithiana 64b. Petals without a distinct narrow claw 65 65a. Flowers glabrous without; petals bicarinate in the middle; lateral lobes of the lip triangular P. carinata 65b. Flowers finely short-pubescent without; petals without keels; lateral lobes of the lip semiovate P. ciliata var. abbreviate/, 66a. Stems gradually dilated upward (usually markedly so); racemes abbrevi- ated, densely flowered, commonly fascicled; dorsal sepal 5.5 mm. or less long 67 66b. Stems uniform above and below; racemes somewhat shorter than the leaf, loosely flowered in course of development, single or rarely 2; dorsal sepal about 8 mm. or more long P. ciliata 67a. Leaf ovate to elliptic, only about twice as long as wide or wider; dorsal sepal narrowly oblong, membranaceous P. chamensis var. tennis 67b. Leaf ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, about three times as long as wide or narrower; dorsal sepal obovate-oblong, fleshy. P. verruculosa 68a. Petals deeply lacerate on each side above P. phyllostachys 68b. Petals merely serrate to crenate-serrate or denticulate 69 69a. Sides of the petals notably dissimilar; petals sharply acuminate or awned, with a short keel in the middle in front P. decurrens 69b. Sides of the petals closely similar; petals without a sharp point at the apex or keel on the disc 70 70a. Leaves gradually long-cuneate toward the base; sepals pubescent on the outer surface; petals sharply truncate at the apex P. pantasmoides 70b. Leaves rounded to subcordate (rarely broadly cuneate) at the base; sepals glabrous on the outer surface; petals acute to broadly obtuse at the apex 71 71 a. Lip when expanded oblong-ovate, without elevated margins in front; ovary glabrous or essentially so P. chamensis 71b. Lip when expanded oblong-obovate, with elevated margins throughout; ovary tomentose P. casapensis 72a. Base of the inflorescence with a more or less conspicuous and coriaceous, conduplicate spathe which is commonly 2.5 cm. or more long 73 72b. Base of the inflorescence without a conspicuous or elongate spathe. . . .85 73a. Petals elongate, usually acute or acuminate, subequaling the sepals ... 74 73b. Petals relatively short, markedly shorter than the sepals 79 74a. Leaf suborbicular (a little longer than wide), shallowly cordate at the base; lip sharply 3-lobed P. penduliflora 74b. Leaf ovate to elliptic (much longer than wide), usually cuneate to rounded at the base 75 75a. Lip transverse, i.e., broader than long when expanded, sharply genicu- late in the middle 76 75b. Lip not transverse, i.e., noticeably longer than broad, not sharply genic- ulate 77 76a. Inflorescence densely or subdensely many-flowered; flowers small, sepals 6.2 mm. or less long; lip simple or subsimple. .P. diffusa (P. semipellucida) SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 267 76b. Inflorescence loosely many-flowered; flowers relatively large, sepals about 11 mm. long; lip lightly 3-lobed. P. diffusa var. grandiflora (P. semipellucida var. grandiflora) 77a. Lip markedly shorter than the petals, rather abruptly narrowed above the middle; petals slightly broader near the base. P. pedunculata var. peruviana 77b. Lip subequal to the petals, very gradually long-acuminate from near the base; petals more or less abruptly lanceolate-dilated near the base. . . .78 78a. Plant stout; raceme subequaling or slightly exceeding the leaf; lamina of the united lateral sepals bidentate above; lip prominently navicular. P. lanceolata 78b. Plant slender; raceme usually much exceeding the leaf; lamina of the united lateral sepals entirely coalescent; lip concave but not navicular. P. Schweinfurthii (P. lanceolata var. gracilis) 79a. Apex of the petals abruptly acute; lip with an abrupt, long claw. .P. trulla 79b. Apex of the petals obtuse to rounded or truncate; lip without a claw. .80 80a. Lip sharply acute; lateral sepals free; flowers relatively small, less than 5 mm. long P. fons florum 80b. Lip subobtuse to rounded or retuse; lateral sepals more or less connate; flowers larger, about 6 mm. or more long 81 81a. Lamina of the lip slightly but distinctly 3-lobed 82 81b. Lamina of the lip simple 83 82a. Plant stout; racemes 4 or more to a plant; flowers white; sepals finely pubescent within; mid-lobe of the lip nearly as long as broad. .P. Vargasii 82b. Plant relatively slender; raceme solitary; flowers reddish yellow; sepals nearly glabrous within; mid-lobe of the lip transverse P. cyathiflora 83a. Leaf ovate-subrotund, distinctly petioled P. cauliflora 83b. Leaf oblong to oblong-elliptic, sessile 84 84a. Flowers relatively large, about 18-20 mm. long; sepals straight 1 and parallel P. Crocodilanthe 84b. Flowers relatively small, about 13 mm. or less long; lateral sepals strongly decurved when viewed from the side P. Cassidis 85a. Sepals deeply carinate throughout, with a distinct, more or less high wing 86 85b. Sepals not deeply carinate with a distinct wing throughout 87 86a. Petals much surpassing the column, long-acuminate; floral bracts incon- spicuous, apparently not carinate P. carnosifolia 86b. Petals about equaling the column, acute; floral bracts conspicuous, dorsally carinate P. tricarinata 87a. Petals distinctly broader above the middle or, if oblong or elliptic-lanceo- late, broadly rounded to retuse (rarely acute) at the apex 88 87b. Petals distinctly narrowed toward the apex or linear (rarely clavate- thickened near the tip) 105 88a. Lamina of the lip quadrate when expanded, with a fleshy callus at each corner in front P. quadrata 88b. Lamina of the lip not quadrate when expanded and without fleshy mar- ginal calli 89 89a. Lip broader above the middle or with the posterior and anterior halves about equally broad 90 89b. Lip distinctly narrowed above the middle 97 268 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 90a. Sepals broadly oval or suborbicular-ovate, not much longer than broad, deeply cucullate; leaf narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, narrowed toward both ends P. divaricans 90b. Sepals oblong to elliptic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, much longer than broad 91 9 la. Lip cuneate-obovate, minutely auriculate at the base, lamina traversed by 3 lines P. nigro-hirsuta 1 91b. Lip cuneate-oblong, oblanceolate-oblong or pandurate 92 92a. Lamina of the lip constricted in the middle, with the basal half not much narrower than the anterior half, provided with a pair of more or less con- spicuous fleshy keels below or in the middle; sepals acute or acuminate. . 93 92b. Lamina of the lip not constricted in the middle, or if so (sometimes in P. gelida) markedly narrower in the lower half 95 93a. Lamina of the leaf oblong to elliptic-oblong, 12 mm. (rarely) or more wide; keels in the basal half of the lip 94 93b. Lamina of the leaf linear-oblong, 10 mm. or less wide; keels more promi- nent in the middle of the lip P. tenuifolia 94a. Sepals lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate; lip rounded or truncate- subretuse at the apex P. rubens 94b. Sepals linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate; lip prominently retuse at the apex P. excisa 95a. Leaf narrowly linear with revolute margins, many times longer than broad, up to 5 mm. wide in the dried specimen. P. tenuifolia var. longisepala 95b. Leaf oblong to oval, not many times longer than broad, 1 cm. or more wide; lip bicarinate in the middle 96 96a. Sepals lanceolate, long-narrowed above, about 11-16 mm. long, lateral sepals not saccate at the base; lip oblong-obovate. P. aurea (P. asperilinguis) 96b. Sepals oblong-lanceolate or broader, about 8 mm. long, lateral sepals saccate at the base; lip cuneate P. gelida 97a. Base of the lip with an abrupt, more or less elongate claw 98 97b. Base of the lip without an abrupt, elongate claw, very shortly clawed or cuneate at the base 101 98a. Inflorescences much shorter than the leaf; leaf elliptic to elliptic-ovate or oval P. vaginata (P. umbraticola) 98b. Inflorescences longer than the leaf; leaf elliptic-linear or oblong to short- ligulate 99 99a. Lip without a prominently narrowed or lobed anterior portion . . P. Trulla 99b. Lip with a prominent, narrow or lobed anterior portion 100 lOOa. Rachis of the raceme not fractiflex; flowers subapproximate . . .P. dilatata lOOb. Rachis of the raceme strongly fractiflex; flowers very remote. P. flexuosa (P. remotiflora) lOla. Sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, relatively elongate; anterior part of the lip papillose P. stenopetala lOlb. Sepals ovate or oblong to elliptic-lanceolate (rarely suborbicular), rela- tively short; anterior part of the lip not papillose 102 1 This species appears to be closely allied to P. aurea Lindl. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 269 102a. Racemes loosely few-flowered; lateral sepals connate into an ovate- suborbicular, deeply concave lamina; petals fleshy- thickened above. P. bicornis 102b. Racemes densely many-flowered; lateral sepals not forming a suborbicular lamina; petals not fleshy-thickened above 103 103a. Mid-lobe of the lip retuse; petals truncate or subtruncate above. P. retusiloba 103b. Mid-lobe of the lip not retuse; petals acute to rounded above 104 104a. . Petals 3-nerved; leaves narrow, oblong-oblanceolate to linear-oblong, 1.5 cm. or less wide; rachis of the raceme stout P. trilineata 1 104b. Petals 1-nerved (rarely with 1 or 2 indistinct lateral nerves toward the base); leaves relatively broad, lanceolate-elliptic to oval; rachis of the raceme slender P. velaticaulis (P. Pittieri) 105a. Inflorescences longer than the leaf, usually much so 106 105b. Inflorescences shorter than the leaf, usually much so 114 106a. Leaf suborbicular, shallowly cordate at the base; lip 3-lobed with incurved, oblong lateral lobes P. penduliflora 106b. Leaf not suborbicular (varying from oval or ovate to linear-oblong), com- monly cuneate to rounded at the base; lip, if 3-lobed, without incurved, oblong lateral lobes 107 107a. Plant small, usually about 11 cm. or less high; inflorescence only rarely surpassing the leaves P. pruinosa 107b. Plant relatively large, about 13 cm. or more high; inflorescence commonly much surpassing the leaves 108 108a. Flowers large, about 15-20 mm. long; petals elliptic-lanceolate. P. restrepioides 108b. Flowers small, about 11 mm. or less long; petals linear, oblong-linear, lanceolate-linear or filiform, sometimes more or less clavate above. . . . 109 109a. Uppermost internode of the stem very short; lip spreading, distinctly 3-lobed, much broader than long P. antennifera 109b. Uppermost internode of the stem not abbreviated 110 HOa. Racemes few-flowered, loose; flowers large, sepals commonly about 10 mm. long P. secunda var. longiracema (P. Lindenii var. longiracema) HOb. Racemes many-flowered, more or less dense; flowers usually small, sepals 7 mm. or less long Ill Ilia. Plant relatively small, stems 11.5 cm. or less long; leaf petioled, 1.8 cm. or less wide; flowers not bilabiate P. angustipetala lllb. Plant commonly large, stems usually 19 cm. or more long; leaf sessile, 3.3 cm. or more wide; flowers bilabiate 112 112a. Lip ovate or ovate-lanceolate, distinctly longer than broad. P. xanthochlora (P. huanucoensis) 112b. Lip transverse, ovate-semiorbicular, broader than long 113 113a. Inflorescences dense or subdense; flowers small, sepals 6.2 mm. or less long. P. diffusa (P. semipellucida) 113b. Inflorescences loosely flowered; flowers relatively large, sepals about 11 mm. long. . .P. diffusa var. grandiflora (P. semipellucida var. grandiflora) 114a. Anterior part of the lip conspicuously fimbriate-dentate P. bicornis 114b. Anterior part of the lip not fimbriate-dentate 115 1 This concept may prove to be a variant of P. velaticaulis. 270 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 115a. Lip with a prominent claw or narrow basal portion, acute or apiculate above 116 115b. Lip sessile or nearly so, without a prominent, narrow, basal portion . . .117 116a. Petals narrowly linear, lightly sigmoid; lateral lobes of the lip broad, sub- orbicular-aliform; leaf subpetiolate-attenuate below P. genychila 116b. Petals linear-lanceolate, not sigmoid; lateral lobes of the lip obliquely obtriangular; leaf with a distinct, narrow petiole P. tunguraguae 117 a. Outline of the lip suborbicular-ovate to ovate or broadly obovate. . . .118 117b. Outline of the lip oblanceolate-oblong to linear : . . . 120 118a. Plant small, leaf 4.5 cm. or less long; lip gradually narrowed to the acute or acuminate apex P. pruinosa 118b. Plant large, leaf 7.5 cm. or more long; lip broadly rounded in front (some- times with an abruptly acute apex) 119 119a. Lip ovate or suborbicular-ovate, often minutely and abruptly acute, bical- lose at the base with widely separated calli P. secunda (P. Lindenii) 1 119b. Lip broadly obovate, rounded and obtuse in front, unicallose at the base. P. Cajamarcae 120a. Leaf broader above the middle; lip more or less acute P. obovata 120b. Leaf not broader above the middle; lip obtuse 121 121a. Shape of the leaf elliptic, 1.5 cm. or more wide; sepals about 5 mm. long; lip about 3 mm. long P. angustildbia (P. citrina var. elliptica) 121b. Shape of the leaf oblong-ligulate, 1.1 cm. or less wide; sepals 7-8 mm. long; lip about 2 mm. long P. citrina Pleurothallis acuminata (HBK.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 70, no. 13. 1842; Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 24. 1854; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleuro- thallis 33, no. 198. 1859. Dendrobium acuminatum HBK. Nov. Gen. etSp. 1:357. 1816. Plant rather large, epiphytic, about 45 cm. high. Stem abbreviated, angled, sheathed, monophyllous. Leaf oblong or elliptic-oblong, narrowed to the base and apex, about 5 cm. long, up to 1.9 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1-2, up to 15 cm. long, strict, flowering to the base. Flowers apparently yellowish red. Sepals scarcely spreading, glabrous, subequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about 13 mm. long. Petals three or four times shorter than the sepals, narrowly oblong, acute. Lip slightly longer than the petals, oblong, attenuate above and below, obtuse or retuse at the apex, near the base undulate-constricted on each side, with 3 carinate nerves. Column slender, shorter than the petals and lip, winged, with a cucullate, denticulate apex. Prov. of Jaen de Bracamoros, near the district of Pomahuaca, according to HBK. This concept appears to be too inadequately described to present a clear diagnosis and so is not entered in the key. 1 In the original description and figure of this species, the lip was shown as long-clawed, but a flower from the type proves this characterization to be er- roneous. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 271 Pleurothallis acutiflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Mansf. ined. = obscure species. Humboldtia acutiflora Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. etChil. 1:236. 1798. Huanuco: Pozuzo, on trees and rocks, Ruiz & Pavon s.n. Pleurothallis affinis Lindl. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 354. 1836; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 16, no. 81. 1859. Humboldtia affinis 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant large. Stem stout, basal portion of type (incomplete) about 13 cm. tall, unifoliate. Leaf erect, sessile or nearly so, narrowly lanceolate, narrowed to an acute, tridentate apex, cuneate below, about 30 cm. long and 3 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, numerous, 1-flowered, in a dense glomerule. Flowers long-pedicelled, very small. Sepals "linear" or lanceolate-linear, long-attenuate; all free, apparently about 7 mm. long. Petals similar but narrower. Lip much smaller, arcuate in natural position, oblong-ovate, obtuse, short-unguiculate with the sides of the lower portion erect. Column semiterete, little shorter than the lip, with a pair of narrow teeth on either side of the clinandrium, produced into a distinct foot. Ovary pubescent. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Matthews 1899. This concept, represented in the Ames Herbarium only by a photograph of the type collection with a rather incomplete floral analysis drawn by Lindley, is a rather obscure species and may be identical with P. rigidifolia Reichb. f. Pleurothallis amygdalodora Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 521. 1906. Plant small or very small. Stems densely caespitose, few-branched or super- posed above, filiform, up to 10 cm. tall, several-jointed, entirely concealed by close, tubular, lepanthiform sheaths with a spreading hispid mouth. Leaves oval to suborbicular-obovate, up to 1.5 cm. long including the short petiole and 8 mm. wide, obtuse to retuse above, cuneate below, more or less fleshy. Inflorescences axillary, commonly solitary, much surpassing the leaves, few- (up to 15-) flowered, very loosely flowered; rachis slender-filiform, more or less fractiflex; pedicels elongate. Flowers small, but large for the plant, membranaceous, white. Dorsal sepal from an ovate, strongly cucullate base gradually long-caudate, 6-8 mm. long. Lateral sepals about equally long, from a lanceolate base narrowed into a long- caudate apex. Petals much smaller than the sepals, oblong-oblanceolate, oblique, acute. Lip larger than the petals, oblong-ovate in outline, shallowly 3-lobed near the cuneate base; about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. wide below; lateral lobes short, semiobovate; mid-lobe lanceolate-oblong and obtuse. Column slender, nearly equaling the petals, with a pair of rounded wings above. Cajamarca: Prov. of Hualgayoc, Valley of the Taolis, 2800 meters, in thickets of evergreens rich in sclerophyllous forms, Weberbauer 4824 (type). Cuzco: Prov. of Convencion, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, epiphytic in forest, Vargas 272 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 2585. Junin: La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, about 1230 meters, epiphytic, Macbride 5781. Pleurothallis angustilabia Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 71. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 113, nr. 442. 1929. PUu.ro- thallis citrina Schltr. var. elliptica C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 16: 9. 1953. Plant medium-sized, up to 25 cm. tall. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems more or less approximate, 7-15 cm. long, monophyllous, 3- to 4-jointed, with several close, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect or nearly so, distinctly petioled; lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, subacute to obtuse, 3.5-10 cm. long, up to 3 cm. wide; petiole 6-20 mm. long. Inflorescences 2 to numerous, much shorter than the leaves, loosely up to 12-flowered, rarely up to 7.3 cm. long. Flowers small, membra- naceous, greenish to yellow, glabrous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate to broadly lanceo- late, acuminate or long-acuminate, strongly concave, 5-7 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, about as long as the dorsal sepal but slightly narrower, oblique and lightly falcate. Petals a little shorter than the sepals, from an oblong basal portion long-acuminate, subfalcate. Lip oblong-linear to narrowly oblong, lightly arcuate, rather fleshy, obtuse to rounded at the apex, up to 3 mm. long! Column about a half or a third as long as the petals, terminating in a rather abrupt wing which is irregularly dentate at the subtruncate apex. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, Sta. Rita, 2500 meters, on rocks, Vargas 3344- Valle de Santa Ana, Bues s.n., fide Herrera, Sin. Fl. Cuzco 1: 196. 1941. Junfn: Between Panti and Rocchas, 2000 meters, Weberbauer 6540 (type of P. angustilabia). -Puno: Prov. of Carabaya, Ollachea (abajo), 2500 meters, on rocks, Vargas 6936 (type of P. citrina var. elliptica). Pleurothallis angustipetala C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 16: 45, t. 5. 1953. Figure 46. Plant medium-sized, slender, with a creeping rhizome. Stems in pairs, slender, monophyllous, 4-11.5 cm. long, with 3 or 4 close, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, petioled, up to 7.2 cm. long; lamina oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, cuneate below, up to 6.5 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide. Inflorescence solitary, nearly twice as long as the leaf, about 12.2 cm. or less long, densely or subdensely many- flowered above, looser below. Flowers commonly secund, yellow-green, with spreading segments. Sepals minutely cellular-papillose within. Dorsal' sepal narrowly lanceolate, long-narrowed to an acute apex, up to 9.8 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate, gently recurved above, subequally long with the dorsal sepal and a little wider. Petals scarcely more than half as long as the sepals, linear, acute. Lip sigmoid when viewed from the side, somewhat longer than the petals, pandurate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, about 5.9 mm. long; basal portion subquadrate-oblong, with a pair of low keels; anterior portion slightly longer and broader, oblong-ovate, up to 2.1 mm. wide. Column small, shorter than the petals, about 3 mm. long. FIG. 46. Pleurothallis angustipetala C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X K- 2, flower, expanded; X 3K- 3, column and lip from side, natural position; X S 1 A- 273 274 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, 2800 meters, epi- phyte, Vargas 4956 (type). Same locality, 3200 meters, epiphytic in rain-forest, "ceja de montana," Vargas 3006a. Pleurothallis antennifera Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 30, no. 178. 1859. Humboldtia antennifera 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant medium-sized, up to 34 cm. high from the long creeping rhizome. Secondary stems distant, monophyllous, up to 18 cm. high, slender, with the uppermost internode relatively short and provided with a ventricose, acute, carinate sheath. Leaf oblong-ovate or lanceolate-elliptic, erect, narrowed to an obtuse apex, cuneate at the subsessile or shortly petioled base, up to 7.6 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence solitary, slender-racemose, arcuate-suberect, up to 18.8 cm. long, densely many-flowered, secund. Flowers rather small, ringent, pale green, bilabiate, about 7 mm. long. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, concave. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate acute lamina which is much broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals filiform-linear, erect, obtuse. Lip very small, triangular in outline, nearly twice as broad as long, 3-lobed near the base, with the lateral lobes dwarf and rounded and the mid-lobe much larger, ovate-triangular and acute. Column short, stout, truncate. "Peru"(?), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 139. 1921. Ecuador (type). This diagnosis was prepared with the aid of a photograph of the type bearing a floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium at Kew. Pleurothallis arbuscula Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 72, no. 32. 1842; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 32, no. 193. 1859. Humboldtia arbus- cula O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant slender, medium-sized, about 24 cm. or less tall. Stems caespitose, slender, proliferating or with a few ascending branches above, remotely few- leaved in the upper part, up to 18 cm. high, entirely concealed by close, tubular, lepanthiform sheaths with an erect-spreading mouth. Leaves erect, shortly petioled; lamina elliptic or "oval," acute and mucronate, cuneate below, up to 3.3 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. Racemes solitary, far surpassing the leaf, up to 9 cm. long, flexuous or arcuate, subdensely many-flowered, secund. Perianth segments only little spreading. Sepals free, linear, obtuse, about 1.3 cm. long. Petals dwarf, broadly oblong, rounded above. Lip about twice as long as the petals, linear-oblong or "ligulate," rounded at the apex, bicarinate through the basal half. Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 139. 1921. Ecuador (type). This description was made by examining a photograph of the type with floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium at Kew. Pleurothallis Archidonae Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 15, no. 74. 1859; Kranzl. Xen. Orch. 3: 171, t. 299, fig. III. 9-13. 1900; SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 275 Fedde Repert. 1 : 179. 1905. Humboldtia Archidonae 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant tall, over 56 cm. high. Stems few, crowded, up to about 40 cm. or more tall, unifoliate, bearing several short sheaths. Leaf erect, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, acute or short-acuminate, cuneate at the sessile base, up to 22 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide. Inflorescences fascicled in the leaf-axil. Flowers successive, brown to purple, rather large, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 1-1.8 cm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a deeply concave, suborbicular lamina, which is slightly shorter but much broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals elliptic-lanceolate or "ovate-lanceolate," acute, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal, minutely crenulate. Lip minute, cordate-suborbicular, with a pair of conspicuous bilobed humps, one on each side. Column a little longer than the lip. Cajamarca: Prov. of Chota, near Huambos, 2400-2500 meters, in a thicket of mixed trees and shrubs, Weberbauer 4%01, fide Kranzl. Ecuador (type). This diagnosis was prepared by the aid of a photograph of the type bearing a floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium. Pleurothallis attenuata Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1909) 364. Plant small, caespitose. Stems very short, concealed by sheaths, mono- phyllous. Leaf small, shortly petioled, up to 3.3 cm. long; lamina oblong-elliptic, minutely 3-denticulate at the apex, cuneate below, up to 2.7 cm. long and 10 mm. wide. Peduncle and rachis filiform, up to 8 cm. long, loosely 2- to 4-flowered. Flowers large for the plant, with subparallel segments, green marked with purple. Sepals similar, free. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-linear, acute or subacute, about 1.6 cm. long. Lateral sepals linear, slightly shorter and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear or linear-lanceolate, subacute, markedly shorter than the sepals, pubescent on the margins. Lip relatively minute, about one fourth to one third as long as the sepals, oblong to narrowly ovate-oblong, lightly constricted in the middle, obtuse to truncate at the apex, with the margins serrate to minutely erose, about 3-4 mm. long and 1 mm. wide; a tuberculate keel extends through the middle of the anterior part. Column a little shorter than the lip, arcuate, broadly winged above. Habitat unknown. Peru(?), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 139. 1921. Pleurothallis aurea Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 12: 397. 1843; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 33, no. 201. 1859. Pleurothallis asperi- linguis Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 114. 1854; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 34, no. 202. 1859. Humboldtia asperilinguis O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Humboldtia aurea 0. Ktze. I.e. Plant small to medium-sized, with an abbreviated rhizome, variable, about 9-26 cm. high. Stems crowded, unifoliate, 2-9 cm. high, the lower part with 2-5 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect-spreading, sessile to short-petioled ; 276 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 lamina oblong-elliptic (rarely elliptic or oblong), acute and apiculate to rounded at the apex, cuneate below, thickly coriaceous, about 2.7-8.7 cm. long, up to 2.2 cm. wide. Inflorescences much exceeding the leaf, usually 1 or 2 (rarely 3), erect or suberect, racemose, subdensely many-flowered, often floriferous nearly to the base, up to 23 cm. long. Flowers commonly secund, medium-sized, campanulate, green to yellow. Sepals free, short-pubescent or papillose within. Dorsal sepal lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate or gradually narrowed to an acute apex, about 10-16.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals very similar, but often slightly longer, somewhat oblique. Petals about half as long as the dorsal sepal, obovate- oblong to cuneate-oblong, acute to rounded at the tip, 3-nerved. Lip about as long as the petals, arcuate below, oblong-obovate when expanded, obtuse to rounded in front, about 4.8-5.6 mm. long and 2 mm. or more wide above the middle; disc with a pair of thickened nerves, fleshy parallel ridges or keels ex- tending from near the base to the upper portion. Column small, stout or slender, with an apically denticulate wing. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n. (type of P. asperilin- guis). Puno: Prov. of Carabaya, below Ollachea, 2500 meters, on rocks, Vargas 6941 - Also Venezuela (type of P. aurea) and Ecuador. Pleurothallis bicornis Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 7, no. 29. 1859; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 84. 1951. Humboldtia bicornis 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant large, up to 59 cm. or more tall. Stems approximate on the woody rhizome, monophyllous, up to 45.5 cm. high, with 2 or 3 close, tubular sheaths (the upper one remote). Leaf erect (erroneously called deflexed), oblong-ovate (rarely ovate or elliptic), commonly lightly cordate at the sessile base, subacute to short-acuminate, up to 15.5 (rarely 24) cm. long, 3.5-12 cm. wide. Inflo- rescences 1 to several, fascicled, diffuse or nodding, more or less shorter than the leaf, loosely several-flowered. Flowers medium-sized, ringent, bilabiate, white or translucent with red or violet stripes. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute, up to 13.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-suborbicular lamina which is minutely bidentate at the apex, about as long as the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals obliquely oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, fleshy (especially above), obtuse, somewhat shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip minute, abruptly reflexed or geniculate near the base, with the sides of the basal part erect and the flat forward portion suborbicular-ovate and irregularly dentate, up to 3 mm. long and wider in natural position; disc near the base with a pair of short, erect, fleshy keels extended into the erect basal sides. Column minute, about equaling the lip, dilated above. Amazonas, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 139. 1921. Cuzco: Prov. of Calca, Vilcabamba, 2700 meters, on shrubby slopes, Vargas 3947. Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, epiphytic in forest, Vargas 2548. Huanuco: Mito, about 2770 meters, on ledges of shrubby hillsides, Macbride 8286. Same locality and altitude as the last, on steep southwestern slope, Mac- bride & Feather stone 1397 (fruit). SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 277 Pleurothallis brevispicata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 10: 173, t. 17, figs. 8-14. 1942. Figure 51. Plant small, up to 12 cm. high. Stems slender, caespitose, up to 10 cm. long, monophyllous (rarely superposed), entirely concealed by 5-7 close, tubular, lepanthiform sheaths with a spreading, hispid mouth. Leaf small, elliptic to linear-elliptic, acute, narrowed below into a more or less distinct petiole, up to 4.6 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Inflorescences 1-5, shorter than or slightly sur- passing the leaf, loosely few- (up to 9-) flowered, generally arcuate in course of development. Flowers small, membranaceous, greenish white. Dorsal sepal ovate or ovate-lanceolate, concave, acute or short-acuminate, about 6-8 mm. long. Lateral sepals shorter than the dorsal sepal, obliquely lanceolate or nar- rowly lanceolate, connate near the base, long-acuminate. Petals about half as long as the dorsal sepal, oblong-obovate, broadly rounded above. Lip nearly as small as the petals, recurved in natural position, ovate-oblong when expanded, broadly rounded in front, sessile at the base, prominently bicarinate near the base, 3-3.6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide across the dilated basal part. Column ab- breviated, with a conspicuous subquadrate foot. Huanuco: Yanano, about 1800 meters, dense epiphyte, Macbride 3838 (type.) Tambo de Vaca, about 3900 meters, flowers greenish white, on trees, Macbride 4$44, 4461 a. Alturas del Chaco, Santa Ana Valley, Herrera 2124 (Bues coll.). Pleurothallis Cajamarcae Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 73. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 113, nr. 444. 1929. Plant large, erect, up to 75 cm. tall, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stem slender, monophyllous, provided with 4 or 5 close, tubular sheaths, up to 55 cm. long. Leaf erect or nearly so, oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile with a subrounded base, up to 20 cm. long and nearly 5 cm. wide. Racemes 2 to 4, pendulous, up to 10 cm. long, loosely 5- to 8-flowered above. Flowers medium-sized, glabrous, pale brown. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, "narrowly oblong," subobtuse, concave, about 11 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate, obtuse, concave lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals slightly shorter than the sepals, linear-lanceolate, falcate, acute or acuminate, minutely papillose. Lip small, about a third as long as the sepals, sessile, geniculate, obovate in outline, broadly rounded above, with a depressed, apiculate callus at the base, scarcely 4 mm. long. Column very_short and stout, dilated above, footless. Cajamarca: Huambos, 2400-2500 meters, Weberbauer 4201. Pleurothallis carinata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 85, t. 24. 1951. Figure 47. Plant rather small, epiphytic, with a creeping rhizome which is concealed by close, scarious sheaths. Stems about 2 cm. apart, 5.5-6 cm. tall, 1- or 2-jointed, not broadened above, unifoliate at the apex, with 2 or 3 close, tubular sheaths below. Leaf erect, oblong-elliptic, subacute to obtuse, sessile at the broadly PLEUROTHALLIS cartnaicL C, Scfuri&'inf/ FIG. 47. Pleurothallis carinala C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %. 2, flower from side; X 2%. 3, petal; X 5. 4, column and lip from side; X 5. 5, lip from above, natural position; X 5. 278 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 279 cuneate base, about 8.4 cm. long and 2.15 cm. wide, fleshy-coriaceous. Inflo- rescences 1 or 2, very short, loosely racemose and 2-flowered above, about 1.5 cm. long. Flowers dark yellow, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal narrowly oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate, concave below, with a fleshy, lightly recurved upper portion, about 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a deeply concave, ovate-lanceo- late, bidentate lamina which is slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal but about twice as wide. Petals about half as long as the sepals, oblong-lanceolate, sharply acute, somewhat dilated unequally on each side of the base, minutely serrulate above the middle, with the inner surface bicarinate through the middle. Lip slightly shorter than the petals, oblong-ovate, abruptly acute and apiculate, provided on each side near the base with a small, erect, triangular lobule, about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide; disc shortly bicarinate above the middle. Column slender, arcuate, with a deeply dentate wing above, slightly shorter than the lip. Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Murayaca, Marcapata, 1300- 1600 meters, Vargas 3757. Pleurothallis carnosifolia C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 15: 87, t. 25. 1951. Figure 48. Plant small, inconspicuous, up to 8 cm. tall. Stems caespitose, short, uni- foliate, entirely concealed by 3-5 close, tubular sheaths, up to 3 cm. high. Leaves erect, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, very fleshy and usually conduplicate in the dried specimen, acute or subacute, gradually narrowed to a sessile or scarcely petioled base, up to 5.5 cm. long and 1.4 cm. wide. Inflorescences axillary, fascicled, 4-7, racemose above, commonly subequaling or exceeding the leaf, very loosely 3- to 5-flowered. Flowers large for the plant, fleshy, campanulate, yellow and coffee-color. Sepals conspicuously carinate without, recurved above. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, long-narrowed to an acute tip, concave below, about 9.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals very similar to the dorsal sepal but slightly narrower. Petals similar to the sepals but smaller, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, locally erose. Lip much smaller than the other segments, simple, lightly arcuate-recurved with erect sides and about 4 mm. long in natural position, lanceolate-ovate, acute, rounded at the base and 1.3 mm. wide when expanded. Column small, about half as long as the lip, denticulate at the truncate apex, with a prominent fleshy foot. Cuzco:. Prov. of Urubamba, Salapunco (Km. 84), 2400 meters, on mossy rocks, Vargas 5989. Pleurothallis casapensis Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 76, no. 61. 1842; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 13, no. 60. 1859. Humboldtia casa- pensis 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant rather small, with a creeping rhizome, up to 18 cm. high (apex of erect leaf incomplete in the type). Stems more or less separated on the rhizome, erect or spreading, monophyllous, 4-angulate or narrowly bialate, up to 9 cm. high. Leaf oblong-ovate, lightly cordate or broadly rounded at the base, subacute to obtuse at the apex, decurrent on the stem, up to about 9 cm. long and 3.6 cm. wide. Raceme several-flowered, spicate, about half as long as the leaf or less. Flowers PLEUROTHALLIS carnosifolia FIG. 48. Pleurothallis carnosifolia C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X IK- 2, another leaf with upper part of stem; X %. 3, lip, three quarters view; X 6. 4, dorsal sepal; X 4. 5, petal; X 4. 6, column with lateral sepal; X 4. 280 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 281 small, yellow, smooth, with pubescent ovary. Sepals fleshy. Dorsal sepal oblong- oblanceolate, acute. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-oblong bidentate lamina which is slightly longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals thinner, about half as long as the lateral sepals, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute, serrate above the middle. Lip fleshy, slightly longer than the petals, oblong-obovate, acute, concave, with the margins elevated and lightly serrulate. Column slender, shorter than the petals. Huanuco: Cassapi (Casapi), MathewslSSO (type). Also Ecuador. The description was amplified by a photograph of an Ecuadorian collection of P. casapensis bearing a floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium. Pleurothallis Cassidis Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 15: 384. 1845; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 3, no. 5. 1859. Humboldtia Cassidis 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant large, stout, caespitose, variable throughout, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems commonly crowded, up to 41.5 cm. long, unifoliate, provided at the base and near the middle with a tubular, evanescent sheath, the upper one being elongate and rather loose. Leaf oblong-elliptic or broadly oblong, obtuse, sessile with an amplexicaul base, 10-20 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, thickly coriaceous. Inflorescences axillary, 3 to numerous, erect to diffuse, subequaling or surpassing the leaf, up to about 19 cm. long, many-flowered almost to the base, subtended by a prominent conduplicate spathe 3-5.5 cm. long. Flowers small, translucent, whitish or yellow, lined with maroon. Dorsal sepal strongly galeate and 5.5-13 mm. long in natural position, ovate-elliptic when expanded, acute or apiculate. Lateral sepals connate through the lower half into a suborbicular to oblong-ovate, deeply concave lamina which is much shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals broadly oblong to obovate-oblong, oblique, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 3- nerved, more or less shorter than the lateral sepals. Lip suborbicular to sub- orbicular-oblong, rounded to slightly retuse at the apex, provided with a short keel on each side near the middle of the lateral margin, about 2-4 mm. long and subequally wide or more or less narrower. Column minute, about half as long as the lip. Cuzco : Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, 2700 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 4960. Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, near Chinchao, Carpish Pass, about 2760 meters, epiphyte in mossy forest, Hodge 6280. Also Colombia (type). Pleurothallis caudatipetala C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 175, t. 22, figs. 5-8. 1942. Figure 64. Plant very small, caespitose, 1.5-3.5 cm. high. Stems abbreviated, congested, unifoliate, concealed by 2 tubular, evanescent sheaths, up to 4 mm. long. Leaf obovate to cuneate-spatulate, up to 15 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, subacute to rounded at the apex, cuneate below. Inflorescences commonly solitary, shorter than or surpassing the leaf, 1-flowered to loosely several- (11-) flowered. Flowers 282 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 small, campanulate, membranaceous. Sepals varying from glabrous to sparingly long-ciliate. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave near the base, about 3.6 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an elliptic-ovate, bidentate lamina which is slightly longer and much wider than the dorsal sepal. Petals a little shorter than the sepals, with the lower half obovate-oblong and the upper half abruptly caudate. Lip minute, pandurate-oblong, lightly retuse at the broad apex, with the margins (except near the base and middle) fimbriate, about 2 mm. or less long and 1 mm. wide where broadest. Column shorter than the lip, dilated upward, broadly winged throughout, lobulate with denticulate margins at the apex. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, 2040 meters, on rocks, Vargas 3367. Huanuco; Prov. of Huanuco, west of Divisoria, 1400 meters, epiphyte in forest, Asplund 12619. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1307 (type). Pleurothallis caulescens Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 1: 9. 1834; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 44, no. 280. 1859. Humboldtia caulescens 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Pleurothallis graminea Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 74. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 114, nr. 447. 1929. Plant small, caespitose, up to 16 cm. tall. Stems crowded, slender, dis- tichously leafy, entirely concealed by the leaf-sheaths. Leaves small, linear or linear-lanceolate (sometimes elliptic-linear), unjointed, up to 2.9 cm. long and 4.5 mm. wide (the uppermost being the largest), obtuse and apiculate, sessile, spreading. Racemes terminal, 1-4, rather densely several- to many-flowered, up to 10.5 cm. tall. Flowers membranaceous, rather small, yellow, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, very acute or acuminate, concave, 4.5-6 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but smaller, long-acuminate (rarely subobtuse), connate near the base. Petals about half as long as the sepals, obliquely oblanceolate or rhombic-oblanceolate (elliptic-ovate), acute or obtuse. Lip much shorter than the petals, ovate in outline, 3-lobed below the middle with the lateral lobes semiobovate and rounded and the larger mid-lobe ovate or oblong-elliptic and commonly retuse at the rounded apex, about 1.5 mm. long, and 1.1 mm. wide across the lateral lobes. Column abbreviated. Cuzco: Near Sandia, 2600-2800 meters, on branches in the shade in dense thicket, Weberbauer 758 (type of P. graminea Schltr.). Puno, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 139. 1921. Ecuador (type of P. caulescens}. A photograph of the type of P. caulescens with a floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium, as well as Ecuadorian material referred to this species, aided the above diagnosis. Pleurothallis cauliflora Lindl. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 355. 1836; Hook. Ic. PI. 1: t. 50. 1837; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 4, no. 10. 1859. Humboldtia cauliflora 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 667. 1891. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 283 Plant large, up to 39.3 cm. tall. Stem rather slender, monophyllous, up to 20 cm. high, provided with 3 tubular sheaths of which the uppermost is largest and widely separated. Leaf distinctly petioled; lamina ovate-suborbicular, about 8.2 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, rounded at the apex, broadly rounded at the base; petiole about 2 cm. long. Inflorescences 4-4, much surpassing the leaf, about 20 cm. or less long, densely or subdensely many-flowered, secund, diffuse, sub- tended by a conspicuous spathe up to 3.4 cm. long. Flowers rather large, bi- labiate. Dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse, about 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate, concave, bidentate lamina which is markedly shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals about half as long as the dorsal sepal, ovate-oblong or "linear," obtuse. Lip somewhat shorter than the petals, suborbicular, broadly rounded or retuse at the apex, ecallose. Column about as long as the lip, clavate. Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 139. 1921. Ecuador (type). The above diagnosis was prepared chiefly from a photograph of the type bearing a floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium at Kew. Pleurothallis chamaelepanthes Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 240. 1855; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 26, no. 154. 1859. Humboldtia cha- maelepanthes 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant small, slender, up to about 10 cm. high. Stems very slender, some- times short-branched or proliferous above, up to about 7.6 cm. long, entirely invested by close, pubescent sheaths with a spreading hispid mouth. Leaf abrupt- ly short-petioled; lamina oval to oblong-elliptic ("oblong"), subacute to emargin- ate at the apex, marginate, up to 1.2 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Inflorescence solitary, axillary, capillary, a little surpassing the leaf, few- (about 2-) flowered, about 2 cm. or less long. Flowers small, yellow, membranaceous, long-pedicelled. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, concave below, tapering to a long subulate apex, with the margins minutely scabrous. Lateral sepals subequal but perhaps narrower, bifid nearly to the base. Petals very short (about a third as long as the dorsal sepal), obliquely ligulate, obtuse. Lip oblong-ovate in outline, short-clawed, 3-lobed near the base, apparently a little longer than the petals; lateral lobes dwarf, semiobovate or "acinacif orm" ; mid-lobe much longer, ovate- oblong ("ligulate"), obtuse. Column small, slender, with a pair of small denti- form lateral lobules near the apex. Peru: Tacna, Valley of Lloa (Loa), on trees, Jameson 313 (type). This diagnosis was largely compiled from drawings of this con- cept, from the Reichenbach Herbarium. Pleurothallis chamensis Lindl. Orch. Linden. 2, no. 7. 1846; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 13, no. 59. 1859; Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117, p. 21. 1916. Humboldtia chamensis 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 666. 1891. Plant variable, small to medium-sized, 6.2-23 cm. high, commonly with a creeping rhizome. Stems more or less separated, unifoliate, 3.5-15 cm. long, 284 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 angled, narrowly bialate above, more or less dilated upward, with 1 or 2 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths at the base. Leaf erect or erect-spreading, broadly oval to oblong-elliptic or ovate to oblong-ovate, rounded, obtuse or acute above, rounded to shortly cordate (rarely broadly cuneate) at the sessile base, with the lower part shortly decurrent on the apex of the stem, 2.7-10.5 cm. long, up to 4.7 cm. broad. Inflorescences 1 to several, commonly much shorter than the leaf (rarely subequaling the leaf), rising above the base of the leaf, racemose, densely few- to several-flowered. Flowers greenish yellow or yellow to orange-tan, rather small, more or less fleshy, ringent. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong to oblanceolate- oblong, acute (rarely obtuse), up to 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, sharply bidentate lamina, which is rather shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals about half as long as the lateral sepals, elliptic- lanceolate to rhombic-oblanceolate (rarely spatulate), acute (rarely obtuse), serrate to sharply fimbriate-dentate above the middle. Lip simple, ovate-oblong to Ungulate with upcurved sides near the base in natural position, broadly rounded in front (rarely acute) with the anterior margins minutely serrulate to erose- dentate, shortly cuneate at the base, with a pair of indistinct, intramarginal keels below the middle, up to 4.6 mm. long and 2.2 mm. wide above the middle. Column small, subequaling the petals, arcuate, dilated above with a denticulate apex. Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, epiphytic in open woods, Killip & Smith 22842. Huanca- velica: Prov. of Tayacaja, Ampurco, Salcabamba-Surcubamba Trail, 2900 meters, epiphytic on moss-covered trees in fog zone, Stork & Horton 10421. Junin: Huacapistana, about 1800 meters, epiphyte in densely forested valley, Killip & Smith 24285 (spatulate petals). Piura: Prov. of Huancabamba, on the western slopes of the Cordi- llera east of Huancabamba, near Hacienda Chantaco, 2500 meters, in sclerophyllous thickets consisting of trees and shrubs, Weberbauer 6313. Also Colombia and Venezuela (type). Pleurothallis chamensis Lindl. var. tenuis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 176. 1942. Plant differs from the type in being more slender, up to 10.5 cm. tall, with apparently caespitose stems, ovate to elliptic, more acute leaves (up to 4.5 cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide) and flowers which are very similar to those of the type, but more membranaceous in texture and noted as "dark maroon with yellow- tipped petal." , Huanuco: District of Churubamba, Hacienda Mercedes, Coti- rarda, 1560 meters, epiphytic on tree trunks, Mexia 821 5a. Pleurothallis chanchamayoensis Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 73. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 113, nr. 445. 1929. Plant erect, slender, about 35 cm. tall, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stem terete, with 3 close, brown, tubular sheaths in the lower half, monophyllous, up to 31 cm. long. Leaf horizontal, ovate, rather long-acuminate, deeply cordate SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 285 with overlapping auricles at the sessile base, up to 12 cm. long (including the basal auricles) and 6 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, fascicled. Flowers medium-sized. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, narrowed to an obtuse apex, concave, 9 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a concave, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse lamina, which is as long as the dorsal sepal, and situated on the upper side of the flower. Petals about half as long as the sepals, lanceolate-linear, lightly falcate, subacute. Lip shorter than the petals, elliptic-obovate or "oblong- ligulate" in outline, acute, auriculate-cordate at the base, about 3.5 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide in the middle, somewhat constricted near the base, provided with a basal, semielliptic excavation. Column very short and stout, with a short subulate rostellum. Junin: Near La Merced in the Chanchamayo Valley, A. & C. Kohler s.n. Pleurothallis ciliaris (Lindl.) L. 0. Wms. Caldasia no. 5: 14. 1942. Specklinia ciliaris Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24, Misc. 31, no. 40. 1838. Plant small, caespitose, 5-14 cm. high. Stems slender, unifoliate, spreading, more or less flexuous, up to 9 cm. long, entirely concealed by close tubular sheaths which terminate in a conspicuously spreading, ovate-infundibuliform, hispid- margined mouth. Leaf erect, linear-elliptic, lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse, narrowed to a scarcely petioled base, up to about 6.6 cm. long and 1.3 cm. wide. Inflorescences axillary, few to very numerous, usually a half or a third as long as the leaf, few- to several-flowered. Flowers very small, ringent, dark purple or purple-red (rarely green or yellow), membranaceous. Sepals ciliate, especially above. Dorsal sepal ovate or oblong-ovate*, concave, acute, up to 3 (rarely 4) mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely oblong-ovate, connate near the base. Petals about half as long as the sepals, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Lip with a small narrow claw; lamina oblong, oblanceolate-oblong or obovate-oblong, often slightly constricted in the middle, broadly rounded at the apex, slenderly bi- auriculate at the base, ciliate, with a more or less prominent keel below, about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. wide across the convex apical portion. Column short, arcuate, about as long as the petals or longer, broadly winged above, trilobulate at the apex. Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, San Pedro to Murayaca, Marca- pata, 1200-1800 meters, on rocks, Vargas 5207. Prov. of Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, 2040 meters, on rocks, Vargas 3406. A widespread species extending from Mexico (type of Specklinia ciliaris') through Central America to Costa Rica and here first noted from South America. Pleurothallis ciliata Knowl. & Westc. Flor. Cab. 1: 1. 19. 1837; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 24, no. 140. 1859; Reichb. f. Saunders Refug. Bot. 2: t. 142. 1882; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 537. 1896. Humboldtia ciliata 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 667. 1891. 286 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Plant small to medium-sized, with a creeping rhizome, up to 19 cm. high from the rhizome to the tip of the erect leaf. Stems approximate or more or less separated on the rhizome, monophyllous, up to 8 cm. long, stout or slender, more or less angulate in section when dry, with 2 or 3 tubular, imbricating, evanescent sheaths below. Leaf elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate, acute to obtuse, cuneate at the sessile base, up to 11.6 cm. long and 2.9 cm. wide. Inflorescence commonly solitary, spreading to arcuate, more or less shorter than the leaf, loosely several- flowered above, up to 9 cm. long. Flowers rather small, bilabiate, fleshy, glabrous, yellow to orange. Dorsal sepal linear to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, up to 13.7 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, connate into an ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, concave, sharply bidentate lamina which is subequally long with the dorsal sepal but about twice as broad. Petals about a third to a half as long as the sepals, lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, acute to acuminate, more or less deeply serrate or ciliate. Lip about as long as the petals or shorter, shortly clawed, about 4 mm. or less long, lightly recurved; claw callose- thickened in the middle; lamina obovate-oblong in natural position or oblong- ovate when expanded from a cuneate or subtruncate base, with the sides of the lower portion erect-incurved and more or less angled, broadly rounded and some- times abruptly acute in front, denticulate or shortly fimbriate, with a pair of remote, more or less distinct, fleshy keels near the middle. Column small, clavate, arcuate, shorter than the petals, with a denticulate wing above, up to 3 mm. long. Loreto : Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte in forest, Klug 1471. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, river side on living tree, Klug 10050. Also British Guiana (type), Trinidad and Colombia. Pleurothallis ciliata Knowl. & Westc. var. abbreviata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 16: 46. 1953. Form differing from the type in its abbreviated inflorescences, densely pu- bescent outer surface of the flowers and distinct lateral lobules of the lip. Plant variable, medium-sized to large. Stems monophyllous, 6-27 cm. long. Leaf erect, oblong-elliptic, subacute, cuneate at the sessile base, 9-14 cm. long, up to 3.5 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2 (perhaps more), abbreviated, nodding, densely few-flowered. Flowers small, finely short-pubescent without, bilabiate, brownish yellow, somewhat striped with darker brown-yellow. Dorsal sepal narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute and mucronate, up to 9.4 mm. long, 3- to 5-nerved. Lateral sepals connate into an elliptic-lanceolate, sharply bidentate lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal but nearly twice as wide. Petals less than half as long as the sepals, elliptic-lanceolate, short-acuminate, serrate above. Lip smaller than the petals, lightly arcuate below, ovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, 3-lobulate above the cuneate base with a pair of small, erect, denti- form, obtuse lateral lobules, bicarinate through the middle, about 2.2 mm. long. Column about as long as the lip, abruptly dilated above. Huanuco: Yanano, about 1800 meters, on mossy tree, Macbride 3837 (type). Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 1127 (whole plant very small). SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 287 Pleurothallis ciliata Knowl. & Westc. var. elongata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 16: 47. 1953. Form differing from the type in having elongate inflorescences that much surpass the leaves and long-caudate petals. Plant medium-sized, with a creeping rhizome. Stems slender, monophyllous, 5-8 cm. long, about 1 cm. or more apart. Leaf erect, oblong-elliptic to oblong- oblanceolate, acute, cuneate at the sessile base, up to 7.7 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, much exceeding the leaf, arcuate to lax, loosely several- flowered above, about 18 cm. or less long. Flowers rather small, bilabiate, greenish yellow striped with red-brown, glabrous. Dorsal sepal narrowly lanceolate- oblong, acute and apiculate, about 14 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a broadly oblong, apically bidentate lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal and twice as wide. Petals half as long as the sepals, oblong-lanceolate, long-caudate above, lacerate-dentate above the base (especially on the anterior margin). Lip short-clawed, about 4 mm. long; claw with a fleshy U-shaped callus; lamina oblong-ovate, obtuse, subtruncate below, erose-denticulate, with a pair of remote, obscure, carinate thickenings below. Column small, arcuate, wing- dilated above, about 3 mm. high. Loreto : Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, on living tree in clearing, King 10013. Pleurothallis citrina Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 7: 103. 1920; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 35, nr. 135. 1929. Plant small, up to about 15 cm. tall. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems approxi- mate to 5 mm. apart, slender, monophyllous, 3.5-9.5 cm. long, provided with 3 or 4 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, indistinctly petioled; lamina oblong-linear to linear-elliptic, obtuse, gradually narrowed below, 3.5-8.5 cm. long, up to 1.1 cm. wide. Inflorescences fascicled, several, abbreviated, much shorter than the leaves, laxly few-flowered, 1-3 cm. long. Flowers small, "lemon yellow." Sepals triangular-linear or linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate to a sub- obtuse apex, about 7-8 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblique. Petals nar- rowly-lanceolate, long-attenuate above, somewhat shorter than the sepals. Lip minute, simple, less than half as long as the petals, oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse, convex, about 2 mm. long. Column minute, dilated above. Huanuco: Huacachi, near Muna, about 2000 meters, epiphyte, Macbride 4070. (Some of the stems and leaves are longer than typ- ical and the leaves are narrower; but this collection is very advanced.) Colombia (type). Pleurothallis cordata (Ruiz & Pav.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 5. 1830; Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 26. 1854; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 10, no. 44. 1859. Humboldtia cordata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1: 234. 1798. Stelis cordata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 140. 1805. Pleurothallis brachyblephara Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 72. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 113, nr. 443. 1929. 288 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Plant tall, stout, from an abbreviated rhizome. Stems approximate, up to 48 cm. high, monophyllous, with about 3 close, tubular sheaths below. Leaf widely spreading, ovate to suborbicular, deeply cordate at the base (commonly with overlapping auricles), abruptly acute or acuminate, up to 14.8 cm. long including the basal auricles and 9.4 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1- flowered, fascicled, subtended by a large conduplicate, evanescent spathe. Flowers small for the plant, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal oblong-oval (rarely obovate-oval) to suborbicular, rounded to subacute at the apex, 6-9 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate to form an ovate-suborbicular, concave lamina which is a little shorter than the dorsal sepal and usually more or less broader than long. Petals falcate, oblong-lanceolate, decurved, acute, erose-ciliolate, shorter than the lateral sepals. Lip fleshy, shorter than or subequaling the petals, shortly-clawed; lamina sub- quadrate-ovate or suborbicular-ovate (rarely suborbicular-obovate), obtuse to acute, with the anterior margins ciliolate, up to 3 mm. long and more or less narrower. Column abbreviated, stout. Peru: Pillao, Pavdn (type). Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, epiphyte in open woods, Kil- lip & Smith 22569, 23168. Ccarrapa, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 2800 meters, terrestrial on wooded hillside, Killip & Smith 22290. Cuzco: Near Sandia, 2300 meters, on rocky slopes, Weber- bauer 635 (type of P. brachyblephara) . Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Vargas 2546. Prov. of Quispicanchis, "Ttio a Murayaca i Marca- pata," 1960 meters, on open rocks, Vargas 3136. Valle de Cosnipata, between Mistiana and Kuros, about 800 meters, Scolnik 880. Hua- nuco: Carpish, 2750 meters, Scolnik 1076. Between Huanuco and Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Kanehira 336 (no fls.). Muna, on trail to Tambo de Vaca, about 2500 meters, "tree-base," Macbride 4335. Twelve miles south of Panao, about 3100 meters, on wet banks among rotting wood, Macbride & Featherstone 2206. Panao, about 2700 meters, on shrubby slopes, Macbride 3608. Junin: Pichis Trail, Porvenir, 1500-1900 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25890. A variable species, particularly in the flowers which range from deep red, dull reddish, green tinged with red, dark brown, purple, obscurely reddish green, or chestnut with yellow streaks. Pleurothallis crateriformis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 88, t. 26. 1951. Figure 49. Plant caespitose, medium-sized, epiphytic. Stems spreading, slender, uni- foliate, up to 14.5 cm. high, with about 3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths which are densely fine-pubescent, the upper sheath separated and much the longest. Leaf horizontally spreading or reflexed, broadly ovate, deeply cordate at the base with overlapping auricles, abruptly acute with a minutely tridenticulate tip, PLEUROTHALLIS craTerijo rmis L. FIG. 49. Pleurothallis crateriformis C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1 A. 2, flower, expanded; X 3. 3, lip, three quarters view; X 5J^. 289 290 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 up to 8.7 cm. long from the apex to the tip of an auricle and 5 cm. wide. Inflo- rescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, 1 to several, in the axil of an evanescent, conduplicate spathe. Flowers small, bilabiate, dark red without, pale brown with dark red lines inside. Dorsal sepal round-ovate, acute with a minute, incurved point, with 3 prominent veins on either side of a double central vein, about 8 mm. long and slightly narrower. Lateral sepals connate into an oblong-ovate, concave, obtuse lamina which is slightly longer but much narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals lanceolate-linear, gently recurved, gradually narrowed to a subacute apex, conspicuously shorter than the sepals. Lip simple, ovate, deeply concave-saccate throughout, subacute with a minute incurved point, cordate at the base, the large cavity surrounded on each side by a broad, fleshy, flattened margin, about 4 mm. long and 3 mm. wide. Column stout, abbreviated. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 2000 meters, epiphyte in low highland forest, Woytkowski 35487. Pleurothallis Crocodilanthe Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 4, no. 9. 1859. Crocodeilanthe xiphizusa Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 114. 1854; Xen. Orch. 1: 10, t. 6, fig. I, 1-7. 1854. Pleurothallis xiphizusa Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 172. 1861. Plant apparently large. Stem stout, monophyllous (basal portion incomplete in the record). Leaf erect, oblong-elliptic, rounded and apiculate at the apex, sessile at the cuneate base, about 16 cm. long and 5 cm. wide. Inflorescence solitary, racemose, up to 24 cm. long, rather densely many-flowered through the upper half, subtended by a conspicuous spathe about 4.5 cm. long. Flowers large, secund, with the horizontally parallel sepals about 2 cm. long, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute. Lateral sepals subequal, connate into a concave, ovate-elliptic, bidentate lamina. Petals about a third to a half as long as the dorsal sepal, obliquely oblong-cuneate to obovate, retuse and apiculate or subacute at the broad apex. Lip suborbicular, ecallose, obtuse to rounded above, a little shorter than the petals, about 5 mm. long and broad. Column slender, about equaling the petals, dilated below and above. Huanuco, Junin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 140. 1921. Loreto(?) : Source of the Rio Maranon, Warscewicz s.n. (type). The above description was drawn from a photograph with floral analysis of this concept, from the Lindley Herbarium, as well as from an analysis of Crocodeilanthe xiphizusa, contributed by Mr. Garay. Pleurothallis cyathiflora C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 15: 90, t. 27. 1951. Figure 50. Plant stout, rather large, epiphytic. Stems approximate, unifoliate, arcuate in the type, about 20 cm. or less long, with a long, tubular, evanescent sheath above the middle. Leaf ascending, short-petioled; lamina oblong-elliptic, rounded at the apex and at the base, up to 12.5 cm. long and 3.8 cm. wide; petiole short, channelled, up to 1 cm. long. Inflorescence solitary, subequaling or exceeding the leaf, subdensely many-flowered above, surrounded at the base by a prominent, PLEUROTHALLIS cyathi 'flora FIG. 50. Pleurothallis cyathiflora C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 14. 2, flower from side; X 3%. 3, petal; X 3%. 4, dorsal sepal, partially expanded; X 3%. 5, lateral sepal; X 3%. 6, lip, three quarters view; X 3%. 7, lip, expanded; 291 292 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 conduplicate spathe up to 2.4 cm. long. Floral bracts conspicuous, spreading, infundibuliform. Flowers reddish yellow, campanulate. Dorsal sepal suborbi- cular-ovate, deeply concave, rounded to subacute at the apex, about 7 mm. long. Lateral sepals semiconnate or free, oblong-ovate, abruptly subacute, slightly oblique, somewhat longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals conspicu- ously smaller than the sepals, broadly oblong or elliptic-oblong, truncate to broadly rounded and bluntly subacute at the apex. Lip somewhat shorter than the petals, oblong and tubular-concave with upcurved sides in natural position, rhombic-obovate and 3-lobed when expanded, cuneate below, about 4.2-4.5 mm. long and 4 mm. wide; lateral lobes shallowly semiobovate; mid-lobe transversely elliptic-oblong; disc with a fleshy callus on each side at the sinus and with a lower semicircular callus in the center below. Column small, somewhat dilated below. Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, 2800 meters, Vargas 4957. Pleurothallis declivis Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 36, no. 218. 1859. Humboldtia declivis 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant very small, with a creeping rhizome, up to 7 cm. high from the rhizome including the nodding raceme. Stems numerous, more or less approximate, ascending from a decumbent base, very short, monophyllous, provided with 2 or 3 close, tubular sheaths, up to 1.9 cm. long. Leaf erect, tapering into a more or less elongate slender petiole, up to 5 cm. long; lamina elliptic to linear-oblanceolate, up to 3 cm. long and 4.5 mm. wide. Inflorescence solitary, filiform, about two or three times as long as the leaf, with the floriferous upper portion loosely few- flowered and commonly decurved. Flowers very small, secund. Dorsal sepal ovate or subrotund, concave, broadly obtuse, about 2.7 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, free, somewhat longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals dwarf, about half as long as the dorsal sepal, oblong-subquadrate, truncate at the apex. Lip very small, about as long as the petals but narrower, pandurate-oblong, broadly rounded to subtruncate in front, concave above and below with a transverse fold or U-shaped callus in the middle, about 1.6 mm. long. Column more or less longer than the petals. Huanuco: Mito, about 2700 meters, on tree trunk, Macbride 3370. Ecuador (type). This description was compiled with the aid of a photograph of the type, in the Ames Herbarium, and a fragment from the type, sent by Mr. Garay. Pleurothallis decurrens Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 48, t. 83. 1836; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 13, no. 64. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 415. 1896. Humboldtia decurrens 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant stout, medium-sized to large, up to 30 cm. high from the creeping rhizome to the tip of the leaf. Stems often isolated in pairs, unifoliate, angled and often quadrangular in the dried specimen, with about 2 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths on the lower part, up to 25 (rarely 30) cm. long. Leaf erect or spreading, SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 293 oval or oblong-elliptic (rarely suborbicular), acute or obtuse, minutely cordate at the base, long-decurrent on the stem, 5-12 cm. long, up to 6 cm. wide. In- florescences commonly 1 or 2 (sometimes remnants of 5 are present), densely few-flowered, always shorter than the leaf, erect, rising from the apex of the stem below the middle of the leaf. Flowers medium-sized, green or yellowish green often veined with dark green or purplish. Dorsal sepal narrowly oblong-lanceo- late, acute, 14-18 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a lamina which is subequally long, concave, elliptic-ovate and shortly bidentate at the apex. Petals about a third to a half as long as the sepals, asymmetrically oblong-oblanceolate, more or less abruptly acuminate or awned, minutely serrulate above the middle, with a short keel near the middle of the forward margin. Lip about half as long as the sepals, oblong-ovate with the lower sides incurved, acute or rounded at the apex, abruptly cuneate at the base, up to 7.2 mm. long and 4 mm. wide. Column slender, about equaling the petals, arcuate, abruptly bialate near the apex with a central triangular, crenulate wing. Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero) on forest trees, Poeppig 1604 (type). Muna, about 2150 meters, Macbride 4055. Junin: Hua- capistana, 1800-2400 meters, epiphyte in thickets and open woods, Killip & Smith 24221. Loreto(?): Rio Huallaga Canon, below Rio Santo Domingo, about 1230 meters, on tree trunks, Macbride 4252. Pleurothallis dichotoma (Poepp. & Endl.) Schltr. Fedde Re- pert. Beih. 9: 140. 1921. Specklinia dichotoma Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 52. 1836. = an obscure species, probably not referable to Pleurothallis. Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu). Pleurothallis diffusa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 49, t. 86. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 397. 1896. Pleurothallis semipellucida Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 823. 1849; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 7, no. 27. 1859. Humboldtia diffusa 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Humboldtia semipellucida 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Pleurothallis com.plicata Rolfe, Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. 6: 121. 1896. Plant very variable, often large, epiphytic or terrestrial, apparently with a creeping rhizome. Stems solitary or in pairs, slender or stout, monophyllous, about 10.5-36.5 cm. high, provided with 2 evanescent, tubular sheaths of which the upper one is elongate and loose. Leaf erect, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong or elliptic, acute or acuminate, cuneate to rounded at the sessile base, up to 27 cm. long and 9 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1-7 or more, axillary, erect or diffuse, slender, more or less surpassing the leaf, about 15 to 40 cm. long, densely or subdensely many-flowered, issuing from a conduplicate, acuminate spathe about 2.5-3.5 cm. long. Floral bracts small, inconspicuous, appressed, infundibuliform. Flowers small or very small, more or less secund, bilabiate, membranaceous, whitish, greenish or yellow, often dotted with red or purple. 294 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Dorsal sepal lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, concave, 3.5-6.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate, forming a concave-saccate, broadly ovate, acute to obtuse lamina which is as long as the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals a little shorter than the sepals, linear, often more or less clavate- dilated and thickened above, acuminate (rarely) to obtuse. Lip minute, trans- verse (i.e., broader than long), abruptly reflexed in the middle, with the broadly rounded sides erect and the anterior portion semiorbicular with an inflexed minute apicule (sometimes obscurely trilobed), up to about 1.9 mm. long and much wider. Column minute, stout, dilated at the base. Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 22755. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, "alturas de Pintobamba," 2700 meters, epi- phyte, Vargas 3261. Prov. of Quispicanchis, Ttio to Murayaca, Marcapata, 1960 meters, on rocks, Vargas 3140. San Miguel, Uru- bamba Valley, about 1800 meters, Cook & Gilbert 908. Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), Poeppig s.n. (type of P. diffusa). Cayumba, near Tingo Maria, 900-1000 meters, Ferreyra 1882. Panao, about 2700 meters, on shrubby slopes, Macbride 3607. Yanano, about 1800 meters, on mossy tree, Macbride 3832. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke s.n. Huacapistana, about 1800 meters, epiphyte in densely forested valley, Killip & Smith 24294- Huacapistana, 1800-2400 meters, in thickets and open woods, Killip & Smith 24511. Same data as last, terrestrial, Killip & Smith 24117. Pichis Trail, Yapas, 1350-1600 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25539. San Martin : Zepelacio near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, in mountain forest, Klug 3633. Also Trinidad, Venezuela (type of P. semipellucida), and Bolivia (type of P. complicata). The similarity of Pleurothallis diffusa and P. semipellucida was long suspected; the identity of the two concepts was confirmed by Mr. Leslie Garay of Toronto, Canada, after he examined typical ma- terial of P. diffusa from the Reichenbach Herbarium, and this opin- ion was recently verified by my careful scrutiny. Pleurothallis diffusa Poepp. & Endl. var. grandiflora (C. Schweinf.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 17: 212. 1956. P. semipellucida Reichb. f. var. grandiflora C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 102. 1951. Plant large, epiphytic. Stem stout, suberect, monophyllous, with 2 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths at the base, about 38.3 cm. high. Leaf spreading, ovate or oblong-ovate, apparently acute (imperfect at the apex), broadly rounded or subcordate at the sessile base, about 18.7 cm. long and 8.6 cm. wide. In- florescences 2, nearly twice as long as the leaf, flexuous-suberect, loosely many- flowered above, about 33 cm. long. Flowers secund, bilabiate, small but much larger than those of the type, yellow with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 295 elliptic-ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acute, about 11 mm. long, concave. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a suborbicular-ovate, deeply concave, acute lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal but broader. Petals linear, acuminate, fleshy, lightly incurved, a little shorter than the sepals. Lip very small, transverse, abruptly reflexed in the middle, lightly 3-lobed, about 2.5 mm. long and 5 mm. wide when expanded; lateral lobes obliquely semiorbicular; mid-lobe semi- orbicular-ovate, abruptly acute or mucronate. Column abbreviated, stout, dilated above and below. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, "alturas de Pintobamba," 2700 meters, Vargas 3243. Pleurothallis diffusa Poepp. & Endl. sensu Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 3, no. 7. 1859. Lindley's interpretation is obviously not the P. diffusa of Poepp. & Endl., since it shows obovate emarginate, instead of linear-lanceo- late, petals and an apparently dissimilar lip. This concept appears to be allied to P. Vargasii C. Schweinf. Pleurothallis dilatata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 177, t. 19, figs. 5-9. 1942. Figure 60. Plant medium-sized, with an ascending rhizome. Stems approximate, monophyllous, up to 6.5 cm. tall, concealed by 3 tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the sessile base, up to 7.5 cm. long and about 1.5 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, axillary, suberect, much exceeding the leaf, up to 13.5 cm. long, loosely racemose nearly to the base. Floral bracts small, inconspicuous, infundibuliform. Flowers rather small, pale greenish yellow, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, concave, about 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals falcate-recurved, connate into an elliptic-ovate, bilobed lamina which is a little shorter than the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals much smaller than the sepals, falcate-spatulate, broadly rounded above. Lip strongly arcuate in natural position, when expanded about as long as the petals, rather abruptly ovate-dilated in the middle with an oblong basal and apical portion, rounded above, about 6.5 mm. long and 2.2 mm. wide near the middle. Column slender, arcuate, shorter than the petals, about 4 mm. long, with a prominent foot. Huancavelica: Prov. of Tayacaja, Montepungo, 5 kilometers east of Surcubamba, 3000 meters, epiphyte on mossy tree trunk, Stork & Horton 10388 (type in Univ. of Calif.). Pleurothallis dinotherii Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 114. 1854; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 174. 1944. Pleurothallis diptera Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 44, no. 279. 1859; Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117, p. 23. 1916. Humboldtia dinotherii 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Humboldtia 296 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 diptera O. Ktze. 1. c. Pleurothallis tricaudata Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 77. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 115, nr. 451. 1929. Plant slender, with an abbreviated rhizome, 15-30 cm. tall. Stems caespitose, several-jointed, entirely concealed by close, tubular, lepanthiform sheaths with a somewhat spreading hispid mouth, often with an erect branch above, bearing several scattered leaves. Leaves shortly petioled, up to 4 cm. long (rarely longer) ; lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, cuneate below, up to 3.2 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide, marginate, with scabrous margins. Inflorescence solitary, axillary, terminal, filiform, much surpassing the leaf, racemose above, rarely up to 18 cm. long, laxly few- to many-flowered. Flowers commonly secund, with spreading or recurved segments, greenish yellow. Dorsal sepal linear- caudate from a lanceolate concave base, up to 1.75 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar but slightly narrower at the base, somewhat oblique. Petals many times shorter than the sepals, obliquely ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute to subacute, with ciliolate margins. Lip somewhat longer than the petals, gently arcuate in natural position, linear- or oblong-lanceolate (sometimes ovate-oblong), narrowed to an acute or obtuse apex, cuneate below, with a pair of fleshy lamellae near the middle and a narrow thickened central line above, about 3.5 mm. or less long. Column abbreviated, arcuate, about half as long as the petals, with an abrupt, subquadrate, lobulate wing on each side above. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n, (type). Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, mountains between Chinchao and Acomayo, west of Huallaga, 3100-3200 meters, in sclerophyllous woods consisting of shrubs and scattered trees on open grassy places, Weberbauer 6827 (type of P. tricaudata) . Also Ecuador (type of P. diptera) . I have examined a drawing of P. dinotherii with floral analysis, from the Reichenbach Herbarium, and a photograph of P. diptera with floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium, in the Ames Herbarium. Pleurothallis dinotherii Reichb. f. sensu Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 32, no. 191. 1859. This concept appears to differ from P. dinotherii Reichb. f. & Warsc. in having ovate-lanceolate (rather than linear-caudate) sepals and a rather dissimilar apically rounded lip. It may be referable to P. dura Lindl. Pleurothallis divaricans Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 387. 1912; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 30, nr. 120. 1930; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 176. 1944. Plant slender, small to medium-sized, caespitose, up to 17.5 cm. high. Stems crowded, slender, monophyllous, 3.5-10 cm. long (more or less decumbent at the base), provided with 2 or 3 close, tubular sheaths of which the uppermost is isolated and elongate. Leaf erect, elliptic-lanceolate (rarely lanceolate), up to 8.7 cm. long SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 297 and 1.2 cm. wide, acute to obtuse, cuneate at the commonly sessile base. In- florescences 1-3, racemose above, diffuse, shorter or longer than the leaf, densely many-flowered, up to 11 cm. long. Flowers very small, subglobose, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal suborbicular-ovate, deeply concave, obtuse or acute, up to 2.6 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a broadly obtuse or retuse, deeply concave lamina which is very similar to the dorsal sepal. Petals slightly more than half as long as the sepals, cuneate-oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, acute or subacute at the broad apex. Lip slightly longer than the petals, broadly rhombic-obovate with erect-incurved sides, abruptly narrowed above to a triangular acute or apiculate apex, up to about 1.8 mm. long and subequally wide above. Column slender, arcuate, a little shorter than the petals. Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, Rio Blanco, about 1400 meters, on coffee trees of the Hacienda St. Teresa, Kohler s.n. (type) . Schunke Hacienda above San Ramon, 1400-1700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, flowers greenish white tinged with pink, Killip & Smith 24854- Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 1330. Same locality, 1500 meters, Schunke s.n., 518. Pleurothallis dura Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 32, no. 192. 1859. Humboldtia dura 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant small, slender, apparently up to 14 cm. tall, caespitose. Stems very slender, unbranched or often sparingly branched, entirely concealed by close, lepanthiform sheaths with a spreading hispid mouth, bearing scattered leaves. Leaves oval to oblong-elliptic, shortly and indistinctly petioled, up to 2 cm. long and 6.5 mm. wide, acute or obtuse, cuneate below, coriaceous. Inflorescences commonly solitary, capillary, many times surpassing the leaves, about 3-8 cm. long, racemose, commonly secund, many-flowered, with more or less elongate, recurved pedicels. Flowers up to 6 mm. long, perianth ringent. Sepals free, carinate without. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deeply concave, about 3.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals lanceolate, similar to the dorsal sepal but rather shorter and much narrower. Petals about a third to a half as long as the dorsal sepal, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse. Lip longer than the petals, oblong or ovate-oblong, rounded above, with irregular margins, sulcate or bicarinate through the lamina, more or less obscurely angled on each side near the middle or base, about 2 mm. long. Column slightly shorter than the petals, with an apical pair of falcate, obtuse lateral wings. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 1158. Ecuador (type). The Peruvian collection differs from the type, of which we have seen a record from the Lindley Herbarium, in having usually branched stems and much shorter racemes, with the pedicels of the apparently smaller flowers relatively short. The inflorescence, however, seems to be immature. Pleurothallis echinocarpa C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 10: 179, t. 17, figs. 1-7. 1942. Figure 51. 298 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Plant medium-sized, up to 20 cm. high, with an abbreviated ascending rhizome. Stems short, stout, approximate, monophyllous, up to 3.5 cm. long, concealed below by 1 or 2 tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic, up to 11.5 cm. long and 2.1 cm. wide, acute and mucronate, cuneate at the sessile base. Inflorescence solitary, racemose above, stout, much surpassing the leaf, up to 16.3 cm. long. Raceme up to 8 cm. long, loosely several- Cup to 9-) flowered, with a fractiflex rachis. Flowers rather small to medium- sized, campanulate, secund. Sepals reddish green. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, acute, concave, up to 9.8 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, navicular, a little longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals much shorter than the sepals, yellow-green, obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, with a small tooth on each side near the base. Lip about equaling the petals, oblanceolate-oblong when viewed from the front, 6-6.4 mm. long, when viewed from the side with a pair of incurved semiorbicular lobules below the middle separated by a fleshy bilobed thickening, minutely biauriculate at the base, denticulate at the broadly obtuse apex. Column short, stout, some- what shorter than the petals. Ovary densely muricate. Huanuco: Muna, about 2150 meters, in dry woods, Macbride 3969. Pleurothallis excisa C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.: 16: 48, t. 6. 1953. Figure 52. Plant rather large, epiphytic, up to about 30 cm. or more tall. Stems approxi- mate, monophyllous, up to 15 cm. long, provided with 3 or 4 close, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, short-petioled, up to 10 cm. long; lamina oblong-elliptic, minutely apiculate at the obtuse apex, cuneate at the base, up to 9 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, much surpassing the leaf, densely many-flowered above, looser below, 17-18.7 cm. long, erect or spreading, arising from a small conduplicate spathe up to 11 mm. long. Flowers secund, yellow, medium-sized. Sepals similar, narrow, long-acuminate. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, about 12 mm. long. Lateral sepals lanceolate, very oblique below, about as long as the dorsal sepal but slightly wider. Petals less than half as long as the sepals, obliquely oblong, rounded or subtruncate at the apex. Lip slightly larger than the petals, pandurate-oblong, about 5.6 mm. long; basal half subelliptic, traversed by a pair of high fleshy keels, the anterior half elliptic-ovate, bidentate at the apex. Column small, slender, arcuate, prolonged above into a ligulate wing, about 5.5 mm. long including the wing. Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, 3200 meters, epiphytic in rain-forest, "ceja de montana," Vargas 3006. FIG. 51. Pleurothallis echinocarpa C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X K- 2, flower and ovary from side; X 2. 3, lip from above, natural position; X 5. 4, lip from side, natural position; X 5. 5, dorsal sepal; X 2. 6, lateral sepal; X 2. 7, petal; X 2. P. brevispicata C. Schweinf. 8, plant; X 1. 9, flower and ovary from side; X 3. 10, lip from above, expanded; X 5. 11, lip from side, natural position; X 5. 12, dorsal sepal; X 3. 13, lateral sepals; X 3. 14, petal; X 3. sto 299 FIG. 52. Pleurothallis excisa C. Schweinf. 1, plants; X 1 A> 2, flower, expanded; X 3. 3, column and lip from side, natural position; X 3. 300 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 301 Pleurothallis fimbriata Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 17, no. 92. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 447. 1896. Humboldtia fim- briata 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant small, with a long-creeping rhizome. Secondary stems filiform, mono- phyllous, commonly 1-2 cm. distant, 4-6.2 cm. long, provided below with 2 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect to horizontally spreading, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate-linear, acute to obtuse, sessile with a cuneate or rounded base, up to 4.1 cm. long and 9 mm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, axillary, 1- flowered, commonly 2 to 4, much shorter than the leaf. Flower small, bilabiate, red-brown, or purple and yellow. Dorsal sepal linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, almost twice as long as the lateral sepals, up to 6.9 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a broadly ovate, concave, sharply bidentate lamina. Petals dwarf, about one third as long as the dorsal sepal, linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, lightly oblique, acute, more or less minutely serrulate above. Lip somewhat larger than the petals, ovate-oblong when expanded, with semi- orbicular, incurved lobules below the middle, rounded and denticulate on the anterior margins, about 2.2 mm. long or less. Column shorter than the petals, laterally winged throughout, with the apex irregularly denticulate. Loreto: Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, 100-125 meters, epiphyte, on river bank, Schunke 162. Iquitos, about 100 meters, epiphyte in woods, Kittip & Smith 26998. Same locality as the last, King 10126. Also Brazil (type) and British Guiana. Pleurothallis fimbrilabia C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 16: 50. 1953. Restrepia ecuadorensis Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1892) 138, not Pleurothallis ecuadorensis Schltr. Plant rather small, epiphytic, with a creeping rhizome. Stems approximate, slender, about 4-10 cm. high, entirely or mostly concealed by several (up to 7) sheaths which are loose, tubular, scarious and finely purplish-maculate. Leaf solitary, erect, oblong-elliptic to oval, obtuse or acute, cuneate at the sessile base, up to 6 cm. long and 2.9 cm. wide. Inflorescences fascicled, 1 to several, 1-flowered, issuing from the uppermost sheath just below the leaf, with the pedicel about 5 cm. long. Flowers rather large, membranaceous, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, about 2.2 cm. long, from an oblong-lanceolate, concave lower portion gradually narrowed to a filiform apex which is clavate-thickened near the tip. Lateral sepals connate into an elliptic-oblong, bidentate lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal but more than twice as wide. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but much smaller, the lower portion sometimes with a more or less distinct appressed tooth. Lip about 9 mm. long, abruptly dilated from a small claw into a suborbicular basal portion provided on each side with a slender, setiform lobule, then contracted into a linear-oblong, sharply bidentate lamina which is erose-fimbriate and muriculate through the center. Column slender, clavate above, about half as long as the lip. Huanuco: Mufia, about 2100 meters, in dense forest, Macbride 1+018. Ecuador (type of Restrepia ecuadorensis). 302 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Pleurothallis flexuosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 69, no. 7. 1842; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 39, no. 239. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 491. 1896. Specklinia flexuosa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 52, t. 90. 1836. Humboldtia flexuosa 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Pleurothallis remoti- flora C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 21: 108, t., 1952. Fig- ure 53. Plant small to medium-sized, epiphytic, caespitose, about 13-30 cm. high. Stems numerous, slender, more or less abbreviated, monophyllous, up to 5.1 cm. tall, enclosed by 2 or 3 close, tubular, imbricating, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, elliptic-linear, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-oblanceolate, acute and often minutely tridenticulate at the tip, gradually narrowed to a sessile base, 5-10.7 cm. long, up to 1.5 cm. wide. Inflorescences solitary or 2 to a stem, filiform, more or less exceeding the leaf, racemose above, variable in height, up to about 27 cm. long, suberect to arcuate; raceme remotely 3- to 14-flowered, suberect to arcuate or flexuous, with a strongly fractiflex rachis. Pedicels elongate and wide-spreading, up to 1.4 cm. long. Floral bracts minute, infundibuliform. Flowers small, campanulate, bilabiate, white finely spotted with brownish purple. Sepals long- pilose within on the upper half, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal more or less narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, up to about 9 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a broadly elliptic or suborbicular lamina which is sharply bidentate above, deeply concave below, nearly as long as the dorsal sepal and much broader. Petals much shorter than the sepals, obliquely cuneate- spatulate to semiorbicular-lunate from a short claw, broadly rounded or obtuse- angled at the apex. Lip subequaling the petals, arcuate-recurved with erect sides in natural position, about 2.7 mm. long when expanded, distinctly 3-lobed, with a conspicuous subquadrate claw; lateral lobes semiovate, with a truncate or subcordate base and adorned with a keel along the outer margin; mid-lobe small, ovate to oblong-obovate; disc with a large, fleshy, longitudinal callus through the lower half. Column about as long as the petals, with a large, trilobulate, denticu- late wing on the upper portion, extended into a prominent foot. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 1911. Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Cochero), epiphyte in for- est, Poeppig 1515 (type of Specklinia flexuosa). San Martin: Tingo Maria, along the Huallaga, about 20 km. from Tingo Maria on the road to Huanuco, 25-1100 meters, Allard 21958. Also Ecuador (type of P. remotiflora) and Venezuela. I am indebted to Mr. Leslie A. Garay of Toronto, Canada, for pointing out that the lip of Specklinia flexuosa (and consequently of Pleurothallis flexuosa) was incorrectly interpreted both by its original author and by subsequent workers. As verified by my own observa- tion, I am convinced that this organ is inseparable from that of Pleurothallis remotiflora, and that the latter concept must be reduced to synonymy. PLEUROTHALLIS FIG. 53. Pleurothallis remotiflora C. Schweinf . = P. flexuosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. 1, plant; X 1 A. 2, flower, expanded, column and lip removed; X 3. 3, lip from above, expanded; X 10. 4, column and lip, oblique view; X 10. 303 304 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Pleurothallis floribunda Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 48, t. 84. 1836. Pleurothallis macrophylla Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 74, no. 44. 1842; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 3, no. 2. 1859, not HBK. Pleurothallis macrophylla Kunth ex Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 396. 1896. Plant large, 6 dm. or more high. Stems fascicled, very stout, unifoliate. Leaf erect, distinctly petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong, obtusely acute, cuneate- narrowed below, up to 30 cm. long and 8.4 cm. wide. Inflorescences fascicled, numerous, spreading, much shorter than the leaf, densely many-flowered nearly to the base, 8-15 cm. long, rising from a prominent, saccate spathe up to 2 cm. long. Flowers small, subdistichous, very short-pedicelled, erect-spreading, sul- phur-colored. Sepals equally long, free, "oval" or ovate-oblong, acute, about 4-4.5 mm. long, membranaceous, 3-nerved, the lateral ones lightly oblique. Petals elliptic-oblong, obtuse to subacute, 1-nerved, about half as long as the sepals. Lip obovate or subelliptic, rounded in the middle, narrowed to both ends, lightly 3-lobed, triangular-acute, fleshy, about 2 mm. long and 1.6 mm. wide. Column about half as long as the lip. Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Cochero), on trees, Poeppig 1599. I have examined the type specimen, which does not at all agree with the description of P. macrophylla HBK. Pleurothallis fons florum Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 5, no. 15. 1859. Humboldtia fons florum 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant apparently large (only the upper portion present in the type). Stem stout, monophyllous. Leaf oval or oblong-elliptic, obtuse to rounded at the apex, subsessile, about 18 cm. long and 7.6 cm. wide. Inflorescences fascicled, numerous, racemose, much exceeding the leaf, densely many-flowered almost to the base, diffuse or flexuous, subtended by a prominent, conduplicate spathe about 3.5 cm. long. Flowers small, campanulate, about 5 mm. long. Dorsal sepal ovate- lanceolate, acute, concave. Lateral sepals similar, free. Petals distinctly shorter than the sepals, broadly oblong, bluntly apiculate at the broad oblique apex. Lip shorter than the petals, suborbicular-ovate, acute, obscurely 3-lobed above. Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), Poeppig s.n. (type). Ecuador. In the Ames Herbarium there is a photograph with floral analy- sis of this concept, from the Lindley Herbarium at Kew. Pleurothallis frutex Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 454. 1912. Plant large, epiphytic, up to 15 dm. tall, variable in all respects. Stems (presumably approxjmate) much branched with fascicles of short branches at the nodes, entirely concealed by close, tubular, evanescent sheaths, the branches being 11.5 cm. or less long. Leaves solitary at the apex of the branches, sessile, oblong-elliptic to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse with a minutely tri- SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 305 denticulate apex, cuneate at the base, 4-8.7 cm. long, up to 1.5 (rarely 2) cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, few to numerous, clustered in the axils. Flowers medium-sized, campanulate, violet-red, yellow or yellowish-white. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, or "obtuse," concave below, 10-13 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar to the dorsal sepal but a little smaller, oblique below. Petals subequaling or slightly surpassing the sepals, narrowly lanceolate, from a more or less oblique oblong base gradually or rather abruptly contracted into a long, linear-caudate apex. Lip much smaller than the other segments, strongly arcuate-recurved below with incurved basal sides in natural position, oblong or ovate-oblong and 4-5.2 mm. long when expanded, denticulate above with a rounded apex, rather indistinctly auriculate-dilated near the base; disc with a pair of more or less distinct, erect, semielliptic calli below or near the middle. Column minute, stout, broadly winged throughout. Cuzco: Prov. of Convencion, "alturas de Pintobamba," 2500 me- ters, perianth yellow, Vargas 3289. Prov. of Paucartambo, Pilla- huata, 2800 meters, perianth pale yellowish white, Vargas 4954. Bolivia (type). Pleurothallis frutex Schltr. var. robusta C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 91. 1951. Plant stout, epiphytic, with few, fasciculate, strict branches which are up to 23 cm. long. Leaves similar to those of the type, elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, up to 17 cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide. Inflorescences axillary and glomerate as in the type, many-flowered. Flowers dark brown, with the segments recurved above. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about 1.5 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar to the dorsal sepal but a little shorter, oblique. Petals similar to those of the type, narrowly lanceolate, long-caudate above, distinctly longer than the sepals. Lip about 5 mm. long, similar to that of the type, but differing in having a relatively larger anterior portion and a pair of prominent teeth rather than obscure auriculate dilations below. Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, 3400 meters, rain-forest in "ceja de montana," Vargas 3007. Pleurothallis gelida Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27, Misc. 91, no. 186. 1841; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 4, no. 12. 1859; Kranzl. Xen. Orch. 3: 116, t. 267, fig. II, 8-12. 1893. Humboldtia gelida 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant commonly large, up to 58 cm. high, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems approximate, monophyllous, 5-35 cm. high, provided with 3 or 4 tubular sheaths of which the uppermost is largest and commonly separated. Leaf erect or erect-spreading, distinctly short-petioled, up to 25 cm. long; lamina oblong or oblong-elliptic to oval (rarely slightly broader below or above the middle), obtuse, cuneate below, 6-21 cm. long, up to 7.1 cm. wide. Inflorescences axillary, race- mose, 1 to numerous, shorter than to somewhat exceeding the leaf, loosely many- flowered nearly to the base, up to 25 (rarely 35) cm. long. Flowers small for the plant, campanulate, greenish white to yellow. Sepals commonly more or less 306 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 pilose within above. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, concave, obtuse to acute, up to 8 mm. long. Lateral sepals subequally long, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic- oblong, obtuse to acute, connate below, abruptly saccate at the base. Petals much shorter than the sepals, obliquely cuneate- or obovate-oblong (rarely elliptic-lanceolate), acute or truncate and often retuse at the apex. Lip arcuate- recurved in natural position, slightly shorter than the petals, cuneate or oblong- cuneate (sometimes pandurate) when expanded, retuse, truncate or broadly rounded at the apex, bicarinate in the middle, up to 2.5 mm. long. Column shorter than the expanded lip, arcuate, winged throughout, denticulate above. Huanuco: Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Kanehira 322. A wide-spread species extending from Florida through Honduras to Panama and from the West Indies (type) to Peru. Pleurothallis genychila Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 74. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 114, nr. 446. 1929. Plant large, erect, epiphytic, about 50 cm. high. Rhizome short, decumbent. Stems slender, monophyllous, 1-2 cm. distant, up to 35 cm. tall, with 3 close, distant, tubular sheaths. Leaf suberect or spreading, lanceolate-ligulate, sub- acuminate, subpetiolate narrowed below, 18-22 cm. long, about 3 cm. wide below the middle. Inflorescences racemose, fascicled, 3-5, racemose, less than half as long as the leaf, rather loosely many-flowered, secund. Flowers small, whitish with blood-red dots, glabrous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acuminate with an obtuse apex, 5 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a broadly ovate, cucullate- concave lamina which is narrowed to an obtuse tip, as long as the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely linear, acute, lightly sigmoid, subequaling the sepals in length. Lip small, from a subquadrate base abruptly dilated and bent down into a 3-lobed lamina; lateral lobes suborbicular-aliform, incurved in natural position; mid-lobe orbicular-ovate, "oval," apiculate, with crenulate margins; disc with 2 small, oblong calli at the base. Column short, footless. Junin: Mountains of Yanenga, 2300-2400 meters, Weberbauer2125. Pleurothallis gigantea Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 28, no. 162. 1859. Humboldtia gigantea 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant stout, about 35 cm. high. Stems short, stout, monophyllous, about 4 cm. long, provided with 2 loose, coriaceous sheaths. Leaf oblong, obtuse, sessile at the cuneate base, up to 15 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence solitary, racemose, stout, about 30 cm. long, loosely several-flowered above the middle, with a fractiflex rachis. Floral bracts stout, prominent, equitant, incurved, carinate. Flowers apparently medium-sized. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate or "ovate-oblong," acute, concave. Lateral sepals uppermost, oblong-lanceolate, connate up to the middle, wing-carinate, a little longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals about half as long as the sepals, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, provided with a pedicellate tubercle at the base in front. Lip slightly longer than the petals, from a short ligulate claw abruptly 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, narrowly falcate- lanceolate; mid-lobe much larger, lanceolate-ovate from a short claw, obtuse, with a pair of oblong calli at the base of the lamina. Column about equaling the petals, winged throughout, clavate, with a short, concave foot. Ovary papillose-scabrous. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 307 Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews s.n. This description was prepared from a photograph of the type with floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium. Pleurothallis graciliscapa C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 15: 93, t. 28. 1951. Figure 54. Plant slender, on trees or rocks, caespitose with a short, creeping rhizome (incomplete in our specimens), up to 15.5 cm. high. Stems very slender, about 4-13.2 cm. long, provided with 2 or 3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths of which the uppermost one is longest. Leaf solitary, sessile, commonly horizontally spreading, ovate or oblong-ovate, deeply cordate at the base (when mature), acute or acuminate, 2.8-4 cm. long from the apex to the tip of a basal auricle, up to 1.7 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, 1-5 to a stem. Flowers very small, bilabiate, pale yellow, glabrous. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate or oblong- ovate, concave, obtuse to subacute, 4-4.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a broadly ovate, deeply concave lamina which is more or less shorter but slightly broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear, wide-spreading, lightly falcate-decurved, obtuse or subacute, with irregular or minutely erose margins, markedly shorter than the sepals. Lip oblong-ovate, very fleshy, minutely acute or apiculate, cordate at the base, minutely erose, about 2.1-2.6 mm. in greatest length and 1.4-1.6 mm. wide at the base. Column stout, abbreviated. Huanuco: Tingo Maria, 670 meters, Carpenter 103 (type). San Martin: On cliffs on top of slope east of Tingo Maria, 625-1100 me- ters, Allard 20820 (plant with short stems). Pleurothallis grandiflora Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21, sub. t. 1797, no. 6. 1836; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 9, no. 39. 1859. Humboldtia grandiflora 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant large, about 36 cm. or less tall, caespitose. Stems numerous, rather slender, monophyllous, up to 26 cm. long, with 3 or 4 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths below. Leaf oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, broadly rounded or shallowly cordate at the sessile base, more or less shortly and abruptly caudate above, erect or deflexed, up to 11.5 cm. long and 6.3 cm. wide. Inflorescences axillary, abbreviated, 1-flowered, 1 to several. Flower rather large, bilabiate, ringent, pubescent without. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, concave, about 2 cm. or less long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a subequally long but broader, ovate, deeply concave lamina. Petals slightly more than half as long as the sepals, linear, curved, acute, more or less pubescent and ciliolate. Lip shorter than the petals, oblong-ovate, unguiculate, obtuse, ciliolate. Column abbreviated. Amazonas, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 141. 1921. Tacna: Valley of Lloa (Loa), about 2400 meters, epiphyte, Hall s.n. (type). Also Ecuador. This description was chiefly compiled from a photograph of the type with floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium. 2 PLEUROTHALLIS qraciliscapa FIG. 54. Pleurothallis graciliscapa C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, leaf with fruit; X 1. 3, flower, expanded; X 6. 4, lip; X 10. 308 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 309 Pleurothallis Grobyi Batem. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: t. 1797. 1836; Hook. Bot. Mag. 65: t. 3682. 1839; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleuro- thallis 36, no. 221. 1859; Ames & Correll, Field. Bot. 26: 230. 1952. Pleurothallis picta Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: sub. t. 1797, no. 15. 1836; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 36, no. 222. 1859. Humboldtia Grobyi 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Humboldtia picta 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant small, caespitose, variable, rarely up to 15.5 cm. tall. Stems numerous, abbreviated, crowded, monophyllous, up to 12 mm. high, concealed by several tubular, imbricating sheaths. Leaf very variable in shape and size, suborbicular- oval, spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, up to 6.3 (rarely 7) cm. long and 11 mm. wide, acute to rounded at the apex, tapering below into a more or less petioled base, marginate. Inflorescence solitary, exceeding the leaves (usually much so), very loosely racemose above, capillary, up to 12.5 (rarely 15) cm. long, few- to several-flowered. Flowers small, ringent, bilabiate, membranaceous, green, white, yellow, or orange, more or less marked with red. Dorsal sepal ovate to ovate- lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate, concave, up to 8 or 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate or lanceolate, bidentate, acute or long-acuminate, concave lamina which is slightly longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals about a half to a fourth as long as the sepals, obliquely cuneate-oblanceolate, acute or subacute. Lip about equaling the petals or slightly longer, oblong, indistinctly bicarinate, rounded at the apex, rarely up to 3 mm. long, arcuate in natural position. Column about equaling the petals and lip, clavate, winged throughout, tridentate above, extended into a prominent foot. Amazonas: Lower Napo River, about 100 meters, epiphyte in rain-forest, Tessmann 3734- Cuzco: Habitat not recorded, Bues s.n. Loreto: Rio Huallaga Canon, below Rio Santo Domingo, about 1200 meters, in dry woods, Macbride 4220. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte in forest on river side, Klug 1402, 10044- Upper Maranon River at the mouth of the Santiago River, 160 meters, Tessmann 4362. San Martin: San Roque, 1350-1500 meters, on trunk of petrified tree in forest, Williams 7711. A widely dispersed and very variable species extending from Mexico through Central America and the West Indies to Brazil and Peru. Pleurothallis hemirhoda Lindl. & Paxt., Paxt. Flow. Gard. 3: 133, no. 612, fig. 299. 1852-3; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 20, no. 109. 1859. Restrepia vittata Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. 3: 314, t. 1848, not Pleurothallis vittata Lindl. (1838). Humboldtia hemirhoda 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Plant large, from the thick rhizome to the apex of the erect leaf up to 63 cm. high. Stems approximate, monophyllous, slender, provided with 2 or 3 close, tubular-cylindric, maculate sheaths of which the uppermost is largest and sepa rated, up to 50 cm. long. Leaf elliptic to oblong-elliptic, up to 13.7 cm. long and 3.8 cm. wide, obtuse to subacute, cuneate to subrounded at the sessile base. In- 310 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 florescences 1-flowered, abbreviated, solitary to several. Flower long-pedicelled, rather large, bilabiate, white and rose or cream-green and rose. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, long-acuminate, concave, about 2.6 cm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into an oblong-lanceolate, acuminate lamina which is deeply concave and about as long as the dorsal sepal but somewhat wider. Petals slender, as long as or slightly longer than the dorsal sepal, from an ovate-lanceolate, irregularly serrate-ciliate or "tomentose" base, tapering into a filiform upper portion which is slightly clavate at the apex. Lip somewhat shorter than the lamina of the lateral sepals, narrowly oblong in outline, deeply 3-lobed or auriculate at the base, sharply acute or "blunt," about 2 cm. long; lateral lobes very small, with obliquely lanceolate, porrect free portion; mid-lobe many times larger than the lateral lobes, oblanceolate-oblong, with the margins erose-ciliolate or "tomentose." Column minute. San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, in mountain forest, Klug 3634- Colombia (type) . Pleurothallis hirsutissima C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 15: 94, t. 29. 1951. Figure 55. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems numerous, approximate, wide-spreading, monophyllous, slender, up to 4.5 cm. long, entirely concealed by 2 to 4 close, tubular, densely hirsute sheaths. Leaf solitary, commonly more or less erect, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, sessile, densely hirsute on both surfaces, up to 3.9 cm. long and 1.3 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, fascicled, 1 to 5. Flowers small, pale green marked with purple. Sepals densely hirsute without. Dorsal sepal tri- angular-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a purple filament which is clavate and fleshy-thickened at the apex, about 10.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals more or less connate, semielliptic and incurved, subacute, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal, but about as wide where broadest. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal, obliquely lanceolate, narrowed into a purple filament which is fleshy-thickened and clavate at the apex, a little shorter than the lateral sepals. Lip pandurate, about 5 mm. long and half as wide above and below, acute; basal portion with a pair of obliquely ovate-triangular, incurved, sharply acute lobules; middle and anterior portion broadly obovate with lacerate-dentate margins; disc bicarinate below the middle, adorned with numerous dense papillae. Column small, arcuate, about 3.6 mm. high, dilated and irregularly dentate-lobulate at the apex. Junin : Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 1800 meters, among mosses on tree in tall forest, Woytkowski 35475. Pleurothallis inaequisepala C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 180, t. 18, figs. 1-7. 1942. Figure 56. Plant small, slender, caespitose. Stems crowded, filiform, occasionally superposed or fascicled, entirely concealed by close, tubular, lepanthiform sheaths with a spreading hispid mouth, up to 6 cm. long (excluding the branches). Leaf solitary, obovate or subelliptic to oblanceolate, obtuse to rounded at the apex, more or less gradually narrowed into a short petiole, up to 3.1 cm. long and 7 mm. wide, marginate. Inflorescences abbreviated, commonly 2 to 4, racemose, very PLEUROTHALLIS hirsu+issima C, Schweinf, FIG. 55. Pleurothallis hirsutissima C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower, expanded; X 3. 3, lip; X IVz- 311 312 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 loosely 2- to 4-flowered, diffuse, much shorter than the leaf. Flowers small, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal strongly cucullate, ovate, rather abruptly caudate, about 5 mm. long. Lateral sepals arcuate-reflexed, linear-triangular, long- attenuate, shortly connate near the base, rather shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals about half as long as the sepals, obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, lightly sig- moid, acute or acuminate. Lip simple, shorter than the petals, ovate or rhombic- ovate, broadly obtuse, broadly cuneate below, about 1.5 mm. long. Column minute, stout. Cuzco: "Valle de Santa Ana, alturas del Chaco," 3666 meters, Hen era 2125 (Bues coll.). Pleurothallis juninensis Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 76. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 114, nr. 449. 1929. Plant variable, both vegetatively and florally, small to rather large, caespitose. Stems densely clustered, monophyllous, slender, provided with 2 or 3 long, close, tubular sheaths of which the uppermost is elongate and separated, up to 28.5 cm. high. Leaf erect, spreading or reflexed, oblong-ovate to lanceolate-ovate, acumi- nate or long-acuminate, more or less deeply cordate at the sessile base, up to 9.7 cm. long (including the basal auricles) and 4.3 cm. wide below the middle. In- florescences 1-flowered, abbreviated, one to several. Flower small, bilabiate, pale yellow, greenish or salmon-pink. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong or linear- lanceolate, acute or subacute, up to 9.6 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a concave, ovate-lanceolate, acute lamina which is slightly shorter but much broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear, acute, somewhat falcate-porrect, more or less distinctly finely erose, somewhat shorter than the sepals. Lip oblong or ovate-oblong, shorter than the petals, sharply deflexed at the cordate base, abruptly acute or apiculate, with the margins minutely erose and the disc more or less scabrous, the mid-nerve near the apex fleshy-thickened beneath, up to 5 mm. long in greatest length. Column minute, stout. Junin : Above Huacapistana on the road to Palca, 1700-1900 me- ters, Weberbauer 1974 (type). Chanchamayo Valley, 1600 meters, Schunke 1709, 1764- Pichis Trail, Enefias, 1600-1900 meters, epi- phyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25656, 25663. San Ramon, 900-1300 meters, epiphyte in dry woods, Killip & Smith 24761. Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1400-1700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24859. Loreto: Pumayacu, between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600-1200 meters, epiphyte in forest, King 0.14- FIG. 56. Pleurothallis inaequisepala C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower and ovary from side, natural position; X 5. 3, dorsal sepal; X 5. 4, lateral sepals, natural position; X 5. 5, petal; X 5. 6, column and lip from side; X 10. 7, lip, expanded; X 10. P. tenuis C. Schweinf. 8, plant; X 1. 9, flower from side; X 2^. 10, dorsal sepal; X 5. 11, lateral sepals, natural position; X 5. 12, petal; X 5. 13, column and lip from side; X 10. 14, lip from above, expanded; X 10. P tennis & dcfiusein 313 314 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Pleurothallis juninensis Schltr. var. angustifolia C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 96. 1951. Plant small to medium-sized, caespitose. Stems 4.5-15 cm. long. Leaf solitary, lanceolate-oblong to linear, more or less narrowed above, cuneate, rounded or subcordate at the base, up to 8.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide. Inflo- rescences similar to those of the type. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, about 6 mm. or less long. Lateral sepals connate into a lanceolate-ovate lamina which is slightly shorter but broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals and lip similar to those of the type. Huanuco: Yanano, about 1800 meters, epiphyte on mossy tree, Macbride 3847 (type). Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 1123. Pleurothallis juninensis Schltr. var. subaequisepala C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 16: 52. 1953. Plant large, caespitose. Stems 14-27.5 cm. long. Leaf solitary, ovate- oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute or short-acuminate, shortly cordate at the base, 10-11 cm. long, up to 3.5 cm. wide. Flowers bilabiate, similar to those of P. juninensis var. angustifolia but larger, brown or reddish. Dorsal sepal oblong- ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about 9.5-16 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate lamina, which is about as long as the dorsal sepal but slightly narrower. Petals and lip similar to those of the type. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Vargas 2561 (type). Prov. of Paucartambo, "Pillahuata," Cerro de Cusilluyoc, above Rio Pilla- huata, 2300-2400 meters, epiphyte in forest, Pennell 14005. Pleurothallis lanceolata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 5. 1830; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 6, no. 24. 1859. Humboldtia lanceolata 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. (Humboldtia lanceolata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. 237. 1798, and Stelis lanceolata Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524, no. 12. 1807, cited by Lindley in 1830 and by others as synonyms of Pleuro- thallis lanceolata, are referable to Stelis disticha Poepp. & Endl., fide Lindley 1842; vide remarks about Stelis lanceolata supra.) Plant robust, variable, about 45-60 cm. high. Stem monophyllous, about 24-44 cm. high, provided with about 3 tubular, membranaceous, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, distinctly short-petioled; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic, acute, narrowed or broadly cuneate at the base, 13-19.5 cm. long, up to 6 cm. wide; petiole up to 1.9 cm. long. Inflorescence solitary, racemose, loosely few- to several-flowered, shorter than or slightly surpassing the leaf, arising from a con- spicuous, conduplicate, coriaceous spathe up to 8 cm. long. Flowers rather large. Sepals about 2 cm. long. Dorsal sepal narrowly lanceolate, long-attenuate above, concave. Lateral sepals connate into a subequally long, concave, lanceolate, SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 315 acuminate lamina which is bidentate above. Petals somewhat shorter than the sepals, long attenuate-caudate from a lanceolate base. Lip nearly as long as the petals, lanceolate, long-acuminate, navicular. Column dwarf, arcuate, dilated toward the base. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Pavon (type). Huanuco, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 141. 1921. Also Venezuela. Pleurothallis lancilabris (Reichb. f.) Schltr. var. oxyglossa (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 6: 200. 1938. Pleurothallis oxyglossa Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 354. 1912. Pleuro- thallis Schulzeana Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 396. 1918. Plant very small, rarely up to 8 cm. tall. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems crowded, monophyllous, very short, rarely up to 6 mm. high, invested by a tubular, membranaceous sheath. Leaf linear-oblanceolate to cuneate-spatulate, rarely up to 3.5 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, minutely tridenticulate at the acute or rounded apex, gradually narrowed to a more or less distinctly petioled base. Inflorescences capillary, solitary, much surpassing the leaf, loosely few- to many-flowered, with a fractiflex rachis and rather long spreading pedicels. Flowers small, but large for the plant, with spreading segments, reddish green, yellow, reddish yellow or pale purple-red. Dorsal sepal narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, up to about 5 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi- nate, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely linear-lanceolate, falcate, long-acuminate, slightly shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip narrowly triangular-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or long-acuminate, sessile, about half as long as the sepals or more, up to 3 mm. long. Column minute, broadly bialate. Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, S. Pedro to S. Isabel, 1350 meters, on old tree trunks in stony tract, Vargas 6777. Prov. of Urubamba, Salapunco, Km. 84, 2400 meters, on mossy rocks, Vargas 5987. Huanuco: Panao, about 2700 meters, ledges and crevices of rock cliffs, Macbride 3631. Also Guatemala (type of P. oxyglossa) and Costa Rica (type of P. Schulzeana). Pleurothallis linearis Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 82, no. 98. 1842; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 14, no. 72. 1859. Specklinia linearis Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 9, no. 5. 1830 (excl. synon.). Plant small, with a creeping rhizome. Stems slender, more or less approxi- mate, lightly ancipitous above, about 5-7.6 cm. long, provided below with 2 or 3 close, tubular sheaths. Leaf solitary, erect-spreading, elliptic-oblong to linear- oblong, obtuse with a minutely tridenticulate tip, cuneate at the sessile or sub- sessile base, 2.5-3.2 cm. long, up to 6 mm. wide. Inflorescence apparently solitary, nearly equaling the leaf or shorter, diffuse, very loosely about 2- to 5-flowered. This is an obscure species perhaps referable to P. pruinosa Lindl. The above description and measurements were furnished chiefly by 316 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 a photograph of a Pavon collection designated Pleurothallis linearis (in the handwriting of Reichenbach f .) from the Delessert Herbarium, as well as from actual (sterile) specimens from the Reichenbach Her- barium. Since the definition of this concept is uncertain it has not been included in the key. Pleurothallis longiserpens C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 10: 183, t. 20. 1942. Figure 57. Plant long-creeping, medium-sized, funiform. Rhizome slender, concealed by a bundle of fleshy roots. Secondary stems short, slender, appressed to the rhizome, monophyllous, rarely up to 5 cm. long, concealed by tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf ascending, linear-oblanceolate, acute, gradually narrowed to a sessile base, up to 8 cm. long and 8 mm. wide. Inflorescences 1 to several, fascicled below the apex of the stem, abbreviated, 1- or 2-flowered. Flower rather large, ringent, reddish brown. Dorsal sepal strongly concave, oblong-elliptic below, abruptly narrowed to a subequally long cauda, about 17-21 mm. long. Lateral sepals free nearly to the base, obliquely linear-lanceolate, gradually caudate-acuminate, about as long as the dorsal sepal but much narrower. Petals much shorter, about a fourth as long as the sepals, spatulate-obovate, broadly rounded above with irregular margins. Lip pandurate or 3-lobed, slightly larger than the petals, up to 6 mm. long; basal half with semiorbicular, erect sides or lobes; anterior half nearly flat, ovate-suborbicular, prominently mucronate, irregularly fimbriate-lacerate, densely papillose. Column abbreviated, dilated above, about half as long as the petals, with a stout foot which terminates in a porrect, incurved horn. Ayacucho: Prov. of Huanta, mountains northeast of Huanta, 3100-3200 meters, on rocks, Weberbauer 7510. Pleurothallis macroblepharis Reichb. f. Card. Chron. n.s. 2: 772. 1874; Linnaea 41: 15. 1876. Masdevallia culex hort. ex Card. Chron. ser. 3, 3: 488. 1888. Masdevallia pulex hort. ex Card. Chron. ser. 3, 3:488. 1888. Plant small, caespitose, about 10 cm. high. Stems abbreviated, monophyllous. Leaf cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, narrowed to a short petiole, minutely tridenticulate at the broadly obtuse apex, apparently about 3 cm. long. Inflo- rescence capillary, about 9 cm. tall, racemose above, distantly few- (5-) flowered. Flowers small, pale straw-color, dotted with dark purple or brown. Dorsal sepal triangular-ovate, aristate or caudate, concave, sparingly ciliate. Lateral sepals similar, oblique, connate near the base. Petals more or less shorter than the sepals, lanceolate and long-ciliate below, long-aristate above. Lip about half as long as the sepals, shortly clawed, obovate-oblong, broadly rounded in front, densely ciliate-fimbriate above, with a pair of abrupt, obtuse-angled auricles just above the claw. Column clavate, serrulate at the dilated apex, about as long as the lip. Northern Peru(?) : Roezl s.n. FIG. 57. Pleurothallis longiserpens C. Schweinf. 1, plant; XI. 2, flower from above, expanded; X 2. 3, flower and ovary from side, natural position; X 2. 4, petal; X 5. 5, lip and column from side, natural position; X 5. 6, lip from above, expanded; X 5. 7, column with anterior horn from side; X 5. 317 318 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 This description was compiled by reference to drawings of this species, from the Reichenbach Herbarium. Pleurothallis macrorhiza Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 1: 9. 1834; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 43, no. 273. 1859; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean 1 . Harvard Univ. 11 : 176. 1944. Humboldtia macrorhiza 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 667. 1891. Pleurothallis rhizomatosa Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 8: 62. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 84, nr. 327. 1929. Plant long-creeping, medium-sized, funiform. Rhizome concealed by an appressed bundle of long, stout roots. Secondary stems appressed to the rhizome below, short, slender, monophyllous, up to 3.2 cm. long, concealed by loose evanescent sheaths. Leaf linear-oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, acute, gradually tapering to a sessile, petiole-like base, up to 7.8 cm. long and 12 mm. wide. Inflorescences 1-3 (rarely 4), arising in a cluster below the apex of the stem, loosely racemose, 1- to 4-flowered, up to 7 cm. long. Flowers medium-sized, pale yellow or brownish yellow and brown. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate ("ovate-oblong"), acute, concave, up to 1.35 cm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-oblong, bidentate, concave lamina which is subequally long with the dorsal sepal. Petals much smaller, about a third as long as the sepals or a little longer, spatulate to cuneate, rounded and often with a more or less prominent apicule at the apex. Lip almost twice as long as the petals, ovate or rhombic-ovate, rounded to subacute at the apex, with a more or less prominent elliptical depression in the middle, more or less scabrous toward the apex, about 8 mm. or less long. Column slender, arcuate, about equaling the petals or a little shorter, slightly dilated above and below, with a short foot. Amazonas, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 141. 1921. Cajamarca: Prov. of Chota, Pass south of Conchan, 2500 meters, terrestrial in humus, Stork & Horton 10059. Huanuco: Chasqui, about 3200 meters, "half trailing in patches on shady rocky ledges," Macbride & Featherstone 2455. Chinchapalca, 5 miles above Mito, about 2900 meters, on shady rocky cliff, Macbride & Featherstone 1602. Ecuador (type of both concepts). Pleurothallis magnipetala C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean 1 . Har- vard Univ. 15: 97, t. 30. 1951. Figure 58. Plant small, slender, subcaespitose, up to 13 cm. high. Rhizome abbreviated, creeping. Stems more or less approximate, filiform, unifoliate, about 12 cm. or less long, with 2 close, tubular sheaths, the shorter one at the base and the longer one below the middle. Leaf narrowly ovate or lanceolate-ovate, deeply cordate at the base, gradually narrowed above to an obtuse or subacute, minutely tri- denticulate tip, wide-spreading or reflexed, up to 5.1 cm. long from the apex to the tip of a basal auricle and 1.8 cm. wide. Inflorescences axillary, abbreviated, 1-flowered, numerous. Flower very small, bilabiate, orange-yellow or dull yellow. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, subacute, concave, about 4.3 mm. long and 2 mm. PLEUROTHALLIS FIG. 58. Pleurothallis magnipetala C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower, expanded; X 5. 3, column and lip from side; X 10. 4, lip; X 10. 319 320 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 wide. Lateral sepals connate into a broadly ovate, concave, minutely bidentate lamina which is distinctly shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals large for the alliance, oblong-lanceolate or linear-elliptic, acute, about as long as the lateral sepals but much narrower, entire or nearly so. Lip fleshy, narrowly ovate-triangular, shallowly cordate at the base, acute or subacute, about 2.5 mm. in greatest length and 1.5 mm. wide below. Column very short and stout. Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Hda. Ttio Marcapata, 2000 me- ters, in stony or rocky open places, Vargas 3128 (type). Prov. of Quispicanchis, Cadena, 1020 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 6221. Prov. of Paucartambo, S. Pedro to S. Isabel, 1350 meters, on old tree trunks, Vargas 6784- Pleurothallis misera Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 36, no. 215. 1859. Humboldtia misera 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant small and slender, about 17 cm. or more high, caespitose. Stems short, monophyllous, about 2 cm. or less long, clothed with 2 loose, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, acute or subobtuse, gradually narrowed to a petioled base, up to 5.9 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. In- florescence filiform, far surpassing the leaf, solitary, loosely racemose above, few- to many-flowered, about 17 cm. long, arising from the stem just above the base. Flowers very small. Sepals ovate, sharply acute, about 2.8 mm. long, dorsally carinate. Petals subequally long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Lip oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, fleshy, slightly shorter than the sepals and petals, about 2.1 mm. long. Column minute, dilated and trilobulate above. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, on tree trunks, Mathews 3197. I have examined typical material of this species deposited in the Gray Herbarium. Pleurothallis muricata Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 293. 1912. Pleurothallis sororia Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 294. 1912. Kraenz- linella rufescens Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1916) 77. Pleurothallis rufescens Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 142. 1921. Pleurothallis diuturna Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 17: 19. 1922. Plant medium-sized to large, up to 48 cm. tall, stout or slender, extremely variable. Rhizome abbreviated or shortly creeping. Stems crowded, short, monophyllous, up to 7 cm. long, more or less concealed by 2 loose tubular, im- bricating, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect or erect-spreading, varying from oblong- linear to oblong or elliptic-oblong, (sometimes slightly broader above the middle), acute to obtuse or rounded at the apex, more or less gradually cuneate at the base which is commonly sessile but very rarely short-petioled, 5-17 cm. long, up to 4.3 cm. wide. Inflorescence solitary, racemose above, loosely few- to many- flowered, more or less surpassing the leaf, up to 47.7 cm. long, erect to arcuate, with a more or less fructiflex rachis and prominent equitant floral bracts which are often falcate-incurved. Flowers medium-sized, ringent, reddish brown and maro'on marked with green-yellow, yellow or red and white. Dorsal sepal ovate- SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 321 oblong or elliptic-oblong, subacute to acuminate, concave, dorsally lightly carinate above, about 9-19 mm. long. Lateral sepals slightly longer, oblong-lanceolate, lightly falcate, acute, prominently carinate dorsally. Petals linear to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute, more or less oblique especially below, with the anterior margin decurrent on the lower part of the column where minutely auriculate, more than half as long as the dorsal sepal. Lip almost equaling the petals, arcuate or lightly sigmoid (when viewed from the side), fleshy, oblong-lanceolate in outline, acute or obtuse, with a pair of minute porrect, falcate, serrate lobules near the base and a more or less distinct pair of semiobovate, incurved, serrate lobules just below the middle, the lamina being densely papillose, about 7-9 mm. long. Column a little shorter than the petals, arcuate, slightly dilated and denticulate above, with a prominent foot. Ovary conspicuously muricate. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Forget s.n. (type of Kraenzlinella rufescens). Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Cadena, 1020 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 6217. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke s.n., 555. Pichis Trail, 1400 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25437. A widespread species, extending from Mexico and Guatemala (Pleurothallis muricata) to Panama (P. diuturna) and Peru. Pleurothallis nigro-hirsuta Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 91. 1905. Plant medium-sized, about 30 cm. high, apparently caespitose. Stems crowded, monophyllous, slender, provided with 2 or 3 close, tubular sheaths, up to 10 cm. high. Leaf short-petioled; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic ("oblong"), rounded at the apex, cuneate below, up to 7 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide; petiole about 1 cm. long. Inflorescence solitary, much surpassing the leaf, rather loosely racemose and many-flowered above, about 28 cm. or less long, suberect or lax. Floral bracts and pedicellate ovaries shortly black-hirsute. Flowers simultaneous, rather large, ringent, green. Sepals lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, about 1-1.3 cm. long; lateral sepals shortly connate near the base. Petals cuneate-obovate, triangular-obtuse, with a thickened central line, about a third as long as the sepals or less. Lip rather similar to the petals but a little broader, cuneate-obovate, minutely auriculate on each side at the base, rounded above, disc with 3 lines of which the median is short and the lateral ones extend to the apex. Column short, split into 2 narrow teeth above. Junin: Prov. of Tarma ("Terma"), mountains west of Huacapis- tana, 2600-3000 meters, in open humid forest mingled with shrubs, Weberbauer 2098. A photograph of the type in the Ames Herbarium furnished some emendations to the original description. Pleurothallis obovata (Lindl.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 75, no. 51. 1842; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 22, no. 125. 1859; Kranzl. Xen. Orch. 3: 87, t. 247, fig. II, 7-11. 1892; Cogn. Urban Symb. Antill. 6: 419. 1909. Specklinia obovata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25, Misc. 86, no. 137. 322 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 1839. Pleurothallis octomeriaeformis Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 25. 1854. Pleurothallis albida Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 1: 327. 1858. Humboldtia obovata 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant small, up to 15 cm. or more tall, with a creeping rhizome. Secondary stems more or less separated, slender, monophyllous, mostly concealed by 3 or 4 tubular, membranaceous, evanescent sheaths, more or less decumbent at the base, up to 10 cm. long. Leaf erect, oblanceolate-elliptic to obovate-oblong, obtuse to rounded (rarely acute) at the apex, gradually narrowed below to a short or in- distinct petiole, up to 9 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 to several, racemose, abbreviated, diffuse, laxly few- (2- to 6-) flowered. Flowers small, whitish to yellow. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, about 4 mm. long, the lateral ones free and slightly oblique. Petals slightly shorter than the sepals, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate. Lip about half as long as the sepals, narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, slightly constricted below, abruptly narrowed to a more or less acute apex, minutely biauriculate at the base, about 2 mm. or more long. Column about as long as the lip, denticulate at the dilated apex, with a prominent foot. "Peru"(?), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 141. 1921. Also West Indies (type) and Venezuela (not Brazil, as originally stated). Pleurothallis pantasmoides C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 98, t. 31. 1951. Figure 59. Plant stout, epiphytic, up to 34 cm. tall. Stems lightly arcuate, monophyl- lous, terete at the base, 4-angled below, gradually dilated and bialate above, up to 25.5 cm. long, with the apex extending for about 2 cm. into the basal part of the leaf. Leaf rigidly erect, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, cuneate below with the sides decurrent on the stem, about 10.5 cm. long through the center, up to 3.6 cm. wide. Inflorescences few (about 4), very short, arising from the apex of the stem (above the base of the leaf), arcuate-recurved, densely few-flowered. Flowers small, fleshy, bilabiate, densely fine-pubescent on the outer surface and ovary, reddish wine-color. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate-oblong, broadly obtuse, about 8.7 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a suborbicular lamina which is slightly bi- dentate at the rounded apex, broader than long, distinctly shorter and more than twice broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals less than half as long as the dorsal sepal, obliquely lanceolate-rhombic, broadly truncate or truncate-retuse at the apex, minutely denticulate on the upper half. Lip very fleshy, arcuate-recurved and about 3.5 mm. long in natural position, apparently ovate, with the sides of the basal portion erect and obscurely round-lobulate, broadly rounded in front, cuneate below. Column small, arcuate, about as long as the lip, abruptly wing- dilated above, denticulate toward the apex. Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Yanamayo-Tambomayo, 1800 meters, Vargas 6499. Pleurothallis parvifolia Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 355. 1836; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 41, no. 257. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, PLEUROTHALLIS pantasmoides C Sc FIG. 59. Pleurothallis pantasmoides C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X % 2, flower from side; X 3. 3, flower from front, partially expanded; X 3. 4, lip, three quarters view; X 7>. 5, petal; X 1 1 A. 323 324 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 pt. 4: 486, t. 116, fig. 4. 1896. Humboldtia parvifolia 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant small, densely caespitose, up to about 6 cm. high. Stems minute, concealed by 2-3 loose, tubular, imbricating sheaths, about 5 mm. or less long. Leaf very small, obovate, rounded at the apex, long-cuneate below, up to 13 mm. long and 6 mm. wide. Scape solitary, filiform, much exceeding the leaf, bearing a fascicle of one to several long-pedicelled flowers at the summit (rarely there are vestiges of 9 pedicels), up to 4 cm. long. Flower rather small, membranaceous, white with purple lines. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, acute, about 6.5-7 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-elliptic lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal but broader. Petals about half as long as the sepals, oblong-obovate, acute. Lip slightly recurved, elliptic-rhombic or ovate-rhombic, gradually cuneate below, obtuse, about 4-5 mm. long and 2.9 mm. wide when extended. Column arcuate, about 3 mm. long at the back to the tip of the deeply trilobed wing. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Utcuyacu, 1800 meters, on tree in shade, Woytkowski 37015. Brazil (type). The description was largely compiled from the above collection, to- gether with a Brazilian collection (Gehrt 4599} in the Ames Herbarium. Pleurothallis pedunculata (Kl.) Reichb. f. var. peruviana C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 16: 54. 1953. Plant rather large, up to over 40 cm. high. Rhizome apparently abbreviated. Stems approximate, monophyllous, 8-18 cm. tall, provided with 2 or 3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect or erect-spreading, short-petioled; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic or ovate-oblong, acute or subacute, cuneate below, up to 13.5 cm. long and 4.3 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2 (3 peduncles sometimes present), much exceeding the leaf, about 23 cm. or less long, loosely racemose and several- to many-flowered above, rising from a conspicuous, con- duplicate spathe up to 5.7 cm. long. Flowers rather large but smaller than in the species, yellow-green tinged with reddish. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, attenuate above, about 1.6 cm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an oblong- lanceolate, long-acuminate, concave lamina which is somewhat shorter than the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but slightly smaller, lanceolate-linear, caudate-acuminate and fleshy above. Lip much smaller than the other segments, tubular-involute, ovate to oblong-ovate when expanded, with the basal margins dilated and the anterior part narrowed to a rounded apex, about 5.9 mm. long and 4 mm. wide below. Column minute, dilated above. Huanuco: Yanano, about 1800 meters, in patches on humus, Macbride 3849. Pleurothallis penduliflora Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 177. 1905. Plant large, with an apparently abbreviated rhizome. Stems tall, approxi- mate, up to 40 cm. or more long, monophyllous, provided with 2 or 3 tubular, SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 325 maculate sheaths. Leaf suborbicular or very broadly oblong, abruptly contracted into a triangular apex, shallowly cordate at the sessile base, up to 18 cm. long and 11 cm. wide. Inflorescences about 6, very long and pendulous, loosely many- flowered, up to about 38 cm. long, arising from a conduplicate, acuminate spathe about 3 cm. long. Flowers rather small, bilabiate, ringent, brown. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate, concave, 8 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a deeply concave, suborbicular-ovate, acute lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal. Petals somewhat longer than the sepals, linear, acuminate. Lip about half as long as the sepals, 3-lobed, broader than long, about 4 mm. long and 5.5 mm. wide; lateral lobes oblong, incurved, obtuse; mid- lobe shorter, retuse, excavated. Column short, retuse. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, mountains of Yanangu, 2300-2400 me- ters, in low, humid, mossy woods, Weberbauer 2118. The description of this species was emended by reference to a photograph of the type, in the Ames Herbarium. Pleurothallis phalangifera (Presl) Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 141. 1921. Acronia phalangifera Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 104. 1827; Symb. Bot. 2: 10, t. 57. 71833. Pleurothallis Mathewsii Lindl. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 355. 1836; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 8, no. 30. 1859. Pleurothallis bogotensis Lindl. Orch. Linden. 1, no. 3. 1846. Humboldtia Mathewsii 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant large, with a creeping rhizome, 20 to about 56 cm. high. Stems rather distant, monophyllous, up to 34 cm. high (sometimes superposed), with 2 or 3 close, tubular sheaths of which the uppermost is longest. Leaf erect, oblong-ovate to oval, up to 16.8 cm. long and 8.2 cm. wide, acute or abruptly acuminate, sessile at the rounded base. Inflorescences 1 to several, fascicled, commonly much exceeding the leaf, up to about 30 cm. long, loosely few- to many-flowered. Flowers large, with spreading sepals and petals, greenish yellow or yellow and dark red (rarely greenish purple). Dorsal sepal from a lanceolate, concave base attenuate- caudate, up to 4.3 cm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a lanceolate- attenuate lamina which is very similar to the dorsal sepal. Petals lanceolate- linear, tapering into a caudate-attenuate apex, erose-ciliolate below, a little shorter and much narrower than the sepals. Lip many times shorter than the sepals and petals, rhombic-ovate or suborbicular below, then abruptly linear- lanceolate, callose-thickened in the middle of the dilated portion and through the anterior portion, up to 8.2 mm. long. Column minute, less than half as long as the lip, dilated above. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 1902 (type of Pleurothallis Mathewsii). Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 141. 1921. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Tuncapata, Sta. Rita, 2800 me- ters, epiphyte in forest, Vargas 2646. Huanuco: Near "Huanocco," habitat not recorded, in mountainous places, Haenke s.n. (type of Acronia phalangifera). Yanano, about 1800 meters, on humus, Macbride 3848. Also Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. 326 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 The description of the lip in Acronia phalangifera depicts a struc- ture which is quite at variance with that of Pleurothallis Mathewsii, but the former concept has commonly been taken as synonymous with the latter, and it seems that there is no doubt of its identity. Pleurothallis phyllostachys Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 76. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 115, nr. 450. 1929. Plant medium-sized, with a creeping, flexuous rhizome, up to 25 cm. high. Stems rather distant, stout, subterete below, more or less complanate and bialate above, monophyllous, up to 17.5 cm. high, provided at the base with 1 or 2 tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, long-decurrent on the stem, obtuse to rounded at the apex, lightly cordate at the base, up to 10 cm. long, 3.3-5 cm. wide. Inflorescences arising from the apex of the stem well above the base of the leaf, commonly solitary, abbreviated, much shorter than the leaf, 3- to 5-flowered. Flowers orange turning to yellow, fleshy, medium-sized, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal linear-oblong or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, sharply acute ("obtuse"), 10-11 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate to about the middle, forming an ovate- oblong, sharply bidentate, concave lamina which is slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal, but much broader. Petals about half as long as the sepals, elliptic-oblanceo- late ("linear ligulate"), acute, irregularly lacerate above, with a fleshy-thickened mid-nerve. Lip about equaling the petals, longitudinally concave, ovate-oblong when expanded, broadly rounded in front with minutely denticulate margins, fleshy-thickened in the middle of the basal part, about 5.6 mm. long. Column scarcely more than half as long as the petals, slender, arcuate, terminating above in a pair of ascending auricles, with a prominent foot. Piura : Prov. of Huancabamba, Hacienda Chantaco, east of Huan- cabamba, 2500 meters, Weberbauer 6313. I have seen isotype collections of this species in the Gray Her- barium. Pleurothallis Poeppigii Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 354. 1836; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 16, no. 80. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 445. 1896. Myoxanthus monophyllus Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 50, t. 88. 1836. Humboldtia Poeppigii 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 668. 1891. Pleurothallis myoxanthus Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 141. 1921. Plant large, epiphytic, with an apparently abbreviated rhizome. Stems numerous, caespitose, stout, monophyllous, 20-45 cm. tall, provided with 3 or 4 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, long-attenuate to an obtuse, commonly bidentate apex, cuneate below to a sessile base, 30-40 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, numerous, fascicled, forming a dense capitulum. Flowers large, white, membra- naceous, partially immersed in hispid, imbricated bracts. Sepals subequal, from a narrowly ovate base very long subulate-attenuate, flexuous, 4-5 cm. long, the lateral ones being connate near the concave base. Petals similar to the sepals, SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 327 filiform from a somewhat dilated base. Lip much smaller than the other members of the perianth, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, attenuate to an obtuse apex, about 3 mm. long, purple. Column a little shorter than the lip, clavate, with a prominent porrect foot. Huanuco: Near Cassapi (Casapi) and Cuchero (Cochero), on forest trees, Poeppig 1743. Pleurothallis pruinosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 75, no. 55. 1842; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 26, no. 152. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 429. 1896. Humboldtia pruinosa 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant small, caespitose, with an abbreviated or shortly creeping rhizome, rarely up to 11.5 cm. tall. Stems very slender, monophyllous, 2-8.8 cm. high, provided with 2 or 3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths of which the uppermost is much the longest. Leaf erect, oblong (elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong or linear- oblong), obtuse to rounded at the apex, commonly sessile with a rounded or cuneate base, 2-4.5 cm. long, up to 8 mm. wide. Inflorescences filiform, loosely racemose above, shorter than to slightly surpassing the leaf, up to 7-flowered, commonly solitary (occasionally 4 peduncles are present). Flower small, bilabiate, white or greenish to pale yellow. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-ovate, obtuse or acute, concave, about 3.8 mm. or less long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a deeply concave, ovate, obtuse lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal. Petals linear, triangular-linear or linear-lanceolate, more or less falcate, porrect, acute, subequaling the sepals. Lip about half as long as the sepals or more, rhombic-ovate or triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate below, with a more or less distinct callose thickening below the middle, up to 2.2 mm. long. Column minute, abruptly dilated near the apex. Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte, Klug 10129. A widely distributed and variable species ranging from the West Indies and Honduras to Panama, Venezuela, Colombia (?), British Guiana, French Guiana and Surinam (type). Pleurothallis pusilla (HBK.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 82, no. 104. 1842; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 41, no. 262. 1859. Dendrobium pusillum HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 357. 1816. Specklinia pusilla Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: sub. 1. 1797. 1836. Humboldtia pusilla 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant very small, caespitose, up to about 2.6 cm. high. Stems slender, 2- to 3-jointed, concealed by evanescent, lepanthiform sheaths, monophyllous, about 1.3 cm. long. Leaf elliptic to oval or obovate, rounded to subacute at the apex, narrowed to a short petiole, up to about 8 mm. long and 3.5 mm. wide. Inflo- rescences 1 to 3, about twice as long as the leaf, loosely 1- or 2-flowered above. Flowers small, yellow, about 4 mm. long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, very long- acuminate. Dorsal sepal concave. Lateral sepals narrower, flat. Petals one third as long as the sepals, oblong. Lip oblong, subunguiculate. 328 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Peru(?), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 142. 1921. Ecuador (type). This is a very doubtful species of the Lepanthiformes section of Pleurothallis, and a photograph of Dendrobium pusillum in the Ames Herbarium, from which the description was largely drawn, fails to give a clear idea of the identity. Pleurothallis quadra ta C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 184, t. 19, figs. 1-4. 1942. Figure 60. Plant small, caespitose, up to about 16.5 cm. high. Stems crowded, short, monophyllous, 2-4 cm. tall, mostly concealed by 2 loose, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf abruptly short-petioled; lamina oval, minutely retuse at the rounded apex, rounded to broadly cuneate below, up to 3.9 cm. long and 1.9 cm. wide. Inflorescences much surpassing the leaf, commonly 1 or 2, subdensely racemose and many-flowered above, up to 12.6 cm. long. Flowers minute, rose-red mottled with purple, semiglobose. Dorsal sepal strongly cucullate, suborbicular, rounded at the apex, about 2.1 mm. long. Lateral sepals elliptic-ovate, connate to about the middle, obtuse or rounded at the apex, deeply concave, slightly longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals more than half as long as the sepals, oblong- subquadrate, lightly retuse at the truncate apex. Lip about as long as the petals, tubular-involute in natural position, quadrate when expanded, truncate in front with a short, fleshy callus at each outer corner. Column short and stout, a little shorter than the petals, with a stout, ovoid foot. Junin : Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1400-1700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24856. Pleurothallis restrepioides Lindl. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 356. 1836; Bot. Reg. 28, Misc. 68, no. 2. 1842; Fol. Orch. Pleuro- thallis 30, no. 174. 1859. Humboldtia restrepioides 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891, as H. restrepiodes. Plant rather large. Stems (incomplete in the type), monophyllous, often superposed or proliferous, up to 11 cm. or more long. Leaf erect, oblong to oblong- elliptic, sessile to very shortly petioled, obtuse, cuneate below, up to 11 cm. long and 3.9 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, much surpassing the leaf, the longest one (incomplete in the type) up to 24 cm. long, loosely racemose above, several- to many-flowered, suberect to arcuate. Flower rather large, about 1.9 cm. long, bilabiate, purple and green. Dorsal sepal ovate, cymbiform, acuminate. Lateral sepals connate into a lanceolate-ovate, emarginate, cymbiform lamina which appears to be subequally long with the dorsal .sepal. Petals distinctly shorter than the sepals, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Lip a little longer than the petals, lanceolate in outline; lower half oblong, concave with erect sides; anterior half abruptly narrowed, linear, fleshy, recurved. Column about half as long as the petals, abruptly clavate above. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews s.n. FIG. 60. Pleurothallis quadrala C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower from front, expanded; X 10. 3, column and lip from side; X 10. 4, lip from above, expanded; X 10. P. dilatata C. Schweinf. 5, plant; X ^. 6, flower and ovary from side; X 4. 7, column and lip from side; X 4. 8, lip from above, expanded; X 4. 9, petal; X 4. 329 330 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 This description was largely based on a photograph of the type with floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium. Pleurothallis retusiloba C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 15: 100, t. 32. 1951. Figure 61. Plant medium-sized, epiphytic, with a shortly creeping rhizome. Stems in fascicles of 2 or 3 enveloped at the base by 2 or more stout, tubular sheaths, or more rarely solitary and 2-3 cm. distant, about 9-14 cm. long, unifoliate, provided with 2 or 3 tubular sheaths. Leaf ascending, short-petioled; lamina elliptic-oblong, lightly retuse-bilobulate at the rounded apex, broadly cuneate at the base, up to 7.2 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide; petiole sulcate, up to 10 mm. long. Inflorescences 1 or 2, more or less surpassing the leaf, densely many-flowered nearly to the base, suberect to arcuate, about 9-14 cm. long, subtended by a conduplicate spathe up to 1.5 cm. long. Flowers small, nodding, secund, campanulate, membrana- ceous, about 5 mm. long. Sepals glabrous, but with involute ciliolate margins, connate at the base. Dorsal sepal strongly concave, oblong-ovate, acute, about 4.7 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-oblong, concave lamina which is divided to about the middle into a pair of acute lobules, about as long as the dorsal sepal and slightly wider. Petals about half as long as the sepals, oblong- cuneate, obliquely subtruncate or slightly retuse above. Lip very small, longi- tudinally concave, about 1.5 mm. long and slightly wider, suborbicular-obovate in outline when expanded, rather deeply 3-lobed; lateral lobes semiobovate, spreading; mid-lobe subquadrate, about twice as broad as long, shallowly retuse. Column stout, minute, with a- prominent fleshy foot. Cuzco : Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, 3000 meters, epiphyte in rain-forest, Vargas 3030. Pleurothallis rhynchantha (Reichb. f. & Warsc.) L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 7: 188. 1939. Restrepia cucullata Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 15: 108. 1845; Fol. Orch. Restrepia 3, no. 8. 1859, not Pleurothallis cucullata Ames (1923). Restrepia rhyn- chantha Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 114. 1854. Barbosella cucullata Schltr. Fedde Repert. 15: 261. 1918. Barbosella rhynchantha Schltr. Fedde Repert. 15: 263. 1918. Pleurothattis angustisegmenta C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 139. 1942. Plant small to medium-sized, with an ascending, more or less branching rhizome which is concealed by scarious sheaths. Stems abbreviated, ascending, unifoliate, up to 2.2 cm. long, concealed by 2-3 loose, imbricating sheaths. Leaf cuneate-oblong to oblanceolate-linear, obtuse and apiculate, long-narrowed below, frequently conduplicate and arcuate in the dried specimen, very coriaceous, up to 7.5 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Peduncle filiform, 1-flowered, much surpassing the leaf, up to 20 cm. long. Flower large, campanulate, dark pink to wine-red, variable in size. Dorsal sepal linear-attenuate, about 1.9-5.5 cm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a narrowly lanceolate, minutely bidentate lamina which is slightly shorter but much broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals about a third PLEUROTHALLIS FIG. 61. Pleurothallis retusiloba C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1 A. 2, flower from side, natural position; X 5. 3, lip, expanded; X 10. 4, column and lip, three quarters view; X 10. 5, dorsal sepal, expanded; X 5. 6, lateral sepals, expanded; X 5. 7, petal; X 5. 331 332 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 to a half as long as the sepals, lanceolate-linear, gradually long-caudate. Lip minute, oblong to ovate-oblong, rounded to truncate at the apex, fleshy, more or less angled and dilated below the middle when the erect sides are expanded, with a pair of keels near the base which are confluent above, about 4 mm. or more long. Column short, about equaling the lip, the upper half cucullate-winged. Peru: Warscewicz s.n. (type of Restrepia rhynchantha) . Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, 3000 meters, epiphytic in rain- forest, Vargas 3014- Prov. of Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, 2040 me- ters, on rocks or cliffs, Vargas 5549. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1400 meters, Schunke 1234. Also Colombia (type of Restrepia cucul- lata) and Ecuador. Pleurothallis rigidifolia Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 224. 1855; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 18, no. 100. 1859. Humboldtia rigidifolia 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant variable, commonly large, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems ap- proximate, monophyllous, about 11.5-62 cm. high, entirely concealed by 4 to numerous tubular, evanescent sheaths which are close and dark-pubescent in the lower portion of the stem and commonly looser and glabrous above. Leaf erect or spreading, sessile, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate- elliptic, narrowed to an obtuse, minutely tridenticulate apex, cuneate below, 8.9-26.5 cm. long, up to 5 cm. wide, rigid-coriaceous. Inflorescences abbreviated, numerous, 1-flowered, forming a dense glomerule just below the apex of the stem. Flowers small, variable in size, pale yellow or white. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, concave, 3.4-11 mm. long. Lateral sepals free, similar to the dorsal sepal but a little shorter and commonly broader, oblique. Petals from a broader basal portion more or less abruptly contracted into a long, narrowly oblong to linear anterior portion which is more or less thickened, slightly shorter than to somewhat exceeding the sepals. Lip very small, lightly recurved in natural position, oblong to oblong-ovate in outline, simple or obscurely 3-lobed with the lower half more or less dilated and the anterior half ovate or ovate-oblong, more or less acute, 2-3 mm. long, up to 1.7 mm. wide. Column minute, stout, arcuate, with a narrow tooth on either side of the clinandrium, up to 2.1 mm. high, with a distinct foot. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, on rocks, Mathews 3187 (type). Prov. of Bongara, Pomocochas, across southern end of Lake Pomocochas from village, 2460 meters, forming large clump on tree trunk in the mountain rain-forest of Quebrada Corazon Jacko, Hodge 6151. Huanuco: District of Churubamba, Hacienda Mercedes, on trail to Balsa-playa, 1200 meters, on tree trunk in original forest, Mexia 8198a. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1276. Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 1900 meters, on tree in low highland forest, Woytkowski 35435. Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte, King 10134. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 333 Pleurothallis ringens C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 186, t. 21. 1942. Figure 62. Plant medium-sized, caespitose, up to 27 cm. high. Stems monophyllous, up to 17.5 cm. or more tall, provided below with 2 or 3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, rather long-petioled ; lamina oval or ovate-elliptic, rounded or obtuse at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base (appearing to be rounded in the dried specimen), up to 8.5 cm. long and 4.2 cm. wide; petiole slender, about 2 cm. or less long. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, few to numerous, in the axil of a prominent conduplicate spathe up to 1.8 cm. long. Flowers medium- sized, bilabiate, ringent, translucent with red lines. Dorsal sepal strongly cucul- late, lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate, about 12.3 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an oblong-lanceolate, navicular lamina which is shortly bidentate at the apex, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal but much narrower. Petals much shorter than the sepals, linear-lanceolate in outline, oblique, long-narrowed to the acute apex, with a short subquadrate basal portion which terminates in a pair of unequal teeth (one on each side). Lip sigmoid and about 6.4 mm. long when viewed from the side in natural position, deeply 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, porrect and parallel, arcuate-oblong, very obliquely bilobed above the middle, broadly obtuse; mid-lobe much larger, narrowly ovate-triangular from a broad base, obtuse. Column very short, less than half as long as the lip, dilated toward the base. Junin: La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, about 1230 meters, epi- phyte, Macbride 5618 (type). Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1097. Same locality, 1200 meters, Schunke 1110. Pleurothallis rubens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21, sub. t. 1797, no. 32. 1836; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 31, no. 183. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 565. 1896. Humboldtia rubens 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant medium-sized, caespitose. Stems approximate, monophyllous, 3-9 cm. high, provided with 2 or 3 tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, commonly short-petioled ; lamina oblong to narrowly elliptic, obtuse to rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, 4.7-9.5 cm. long, up to 2.5 cm. wide; petiole stout, up to 1.2 cm. long. Inflorescence solitary (rarely 2), much surpassing the leaf, racemose above, densely or subdensely many-flowered, up to 52 cm. long, erect to arcuate. Flowers rather small, erect, with spreading segments, yellow becoming reddish. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute or acuminate, concave, 8.6-10 mm. long. Lateral sepals free, obliquely lanceolate, acute or acuminate, subequal to the dorsal sepal. Petals about half as long as the sepals, oblong to cuneate-oblong, broadly rounded or subtruncate at the apex. Lip somewhat larger than the petals, cuneate-oblong in outline, pandurate (i.e., constricted near the middle), about 5 mm. long; basal half rounded on each side, with a pair of erect fleshy ridges; anterior half suborbicu- lar or suborbicular-ovate, with broadly rounded or truncate-subretuse apical mar- gin. Column about equaling the petals; body minute, with a subequally long, triangular-lanceolate, obtuse apical wing. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 516. Brazil (type). no C/. FIG. 62. Pleurothallis ringens C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X %. 2, lip and column from side; X 5. 3, lip from above, partially expanded; X 5. 4, dorsal sepal; X 2^. 5, lateral sepals; X 2J^. 6, petal; X 5. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 335 Pleurothallis ruberrima Lindl. Orch. Linden. 1, no. 5. 1846; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 10, no. 43. 1859. Humboldtia ruberrima 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant large, epiphytic, about 52 cm. or more high to the tip of the erect leaf. Stem slender, up to more than 32 cm. tall (incomplete in specimens seen), mon- ophyllous, with a close, elongate, tubular sheath below. Leaf elliptic-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate or long-acuminate, shallowly cordate at the base, up to 18.8 cm. in greatest length and 4.5 cm. wide. Inflorescences fascicled, 1 to sev- eral in the axil of a slender, conduplicate spathe up to 2.8 cm. long. Flowers large, long-pedicelled, bilabiate, pink-brown, red streaked with purple, or purple. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute, up to 2.7 cm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a broadly ovate, acute or acuminate lamina which is much shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals about four times shorter than the dorsal sepal, linear or narrowly triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, obliquely cordate at the base, more or less falcate. Lip relatively minute, round-ovate, concave, apiculate, cordate at the base, denticulate on the margins, about 4 mm. long. Column minute. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Vargas 2547. Also Venezuela (type), Colombia and Ecuador. I have examined a photograph of typical material from the Lind- ley Herbarium. Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 5: 211. 1813; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 451. 1896. Epidendrum ruscifolium Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 29. 1760; Select. Stirp. Am. 226, t. 133, fig. 3. 1763. Dendrobium ruscifolium Sw. Nov. Act. Ups. 6: 84. 1799. Pleurothallis succosa Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. (1830) 5. Humboldtia succosa Pav. ex Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. (1830) 5, in synon. Pleurothallis multicaulis Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 47, t. 82. 1836. Humboldtia ruscifolia 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Figure 63. Plant variable throughout, small to large. Rhizome creeping. Stems numer- ous, more or less approximate, slender, monophyllous, 3-38 cm. high, provided with 2-3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths of which the uppermost is longest and separated. Leaf erect, petioled, 5-20.5 cm. long; lamina elliptic to linear-elliptic (rarely lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate), acute or more often long-acuminate, usually long-cuneate below, up to 18 cm. long, 0.5-5.3 cm. wide; petiole up to 3 cm. long, for the most part gradually dilated into the lamina. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, numerous. Flowers small, bilabiate, greenish or whitish-green to yel- low. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, from an ovate, deeply concave base acuminate or long-attenuate, 6-10 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a very similar but usually slightly narrower, concave lamina which is minutely retuse at the tip. Petals linear-lanceolate (rarely filiform), acuminate, subequaling or shorter than the sepals. Lip many times shorter than the sepals, abruptly re- flexed near the middle and more or less sigmoid when viewed from the side, ovate 336 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 or oblong-ovate when expanded, acute or acuminate, about 2 mm. long, with a small callus in the middle near the base. Column minute, about half as long as the lip, with a fleshy, subglobose dilation at the base. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Pavdn s.n. (P. succosa), Henschel 368. Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, S. Pedro to Sta. Isabel, 1320 meters, on old tree trunks, Vargas 6781. Huanuco: Near Cassapi (Casapi), Mathews 1916. Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cu- chero (Cochero), in subandean woods, Poeppig 1430 (P. multicaulis). Left bank of Rio Huallaga, above Cayumba, 805 meters, on tree trunks and branches, Mexia 8313. District of Churubamba, Haci- enda Mercedes, on trail to Balsa-playa, 1200 meters, on tree trunks in dense shade, Mexia 8178 (no flowers). Puno: Prov. of Carabaya, near Ollachea, 2550 meters, Vargas 6936. San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1100-1200 meters, epiphyte in forest, Klug 0.22, 3626. A widespread species extending from the West Indies (type) and Guatemala to Panama, British Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Pleurothallis scabrata Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 30, no. 176. 1859. Humboldtia scabrata O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant large, up to over 91 cm. high, with a stout creeping rhizome which is con- cealed by evanescent sheaths. Stems more or less distant, monophyllous, about 30.5 cm. or less tall, provided with 2 or 3 evanescent, close, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, sessile, elliptic-oblong, obtuse to rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, up to 19.7 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence commonly solitary, more or less erect, much surpassing the leaf, loosely many-flowered above, about 61 cm. or less tall. Flowers medium-sized, secund, maroon or brown-violet, bilabiate, with the segments little spreading. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, concave, narrowed to an obtuse tip, carinate, about 13 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a lanceolate lamina which is deeply concave, subequally long but broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals somewhat shorter than the sepals, narrowly lanceolate in out- line, from an elliptic, subentire basal portion rather abruptly narrowed into a lin- ear-triangular apical part which is scabrous and finely erose-denticulate on the margin. Lip about half as long as the petals, from a broad auriculate claw rather abruptly dilated into a suborbicular median portion, then abruptly contracted into an ovate-ligulate, acute, scabrous lobule, about 5 mm. long and 3 mm. wide in the middle; disc rather obscurely bilamellate near the middle. Column abbreviated and stout. FIG. 63. Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br. 1, leaf and inflorescence; X 1. Drawn from a Jamaican plant (W. R. Maxon 9486). 2, flower, much en- larged. 3, lip and column from side, much enlarged (anther removed). 4, lip, much enlarged. 5-7, column much enlarged, to show the pulvinate foot, rostellum and stigmatic oriface under the rostellum (anther removed). 8, pollinia, much enlarged. 337 338 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Amazonas: Prov. of Bongara, Quebrada Chido, 2 miles southwest of village of Pomocochas, about 2400 meters, common epiphyte in large clumps in mountain rain-forest, Hodge 6145. Bolivia (type), Ecuador (form with larger flowers and narrower sepals and petals). The above diagnosis was amplified from a photograph with floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium. Pleurothallis scabrilinguis Lindl. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 354. 1836; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 11, no. 49. 1859. Humboldtia scabrilinguis 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant small to medium-sized, caespitose. Stems crowded, slender, monophyl- lous, up to 24.5 cm. high, provided with 2 close, tubular sheaths of which the upper one is separate and elongate. Leaf horizontally spreading, narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate to an obtuse, minutely tridenticulate apex, shallowly cordate at the sessile base, up to 10 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flow- ered, 1 to several. Flowers small, bilabiate, dark purple. Dorsal sepal elliptic, concave, acute, about 7 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a broadly ovate, concave lamina which is slightly shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals markedly shorter than the sepals, linear-lanceolate, lightly falcate, serrulate. Lip prominently clawed, subequal to the petals; lamina broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse, retuse-sagittate at the base, verrucose, about 4.5 mm. long, with the mid- nerve thickened near the apex. Column abbreviated, stout. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 1904 (type). Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Hda. Ttio, Marcapata, 2000 meters, in open rocky places, Vargas 3124. The above diagnosis was compiled with the aid of a photograph of the type bearing a floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium. Pleurothallis Schweinfurthii L. A. Garay, Orch. Journ. 3, no. 4: 188, fig. 73. 1954. Pleurothallis lanceolata Lindl. var. gracilis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 182. 1942, not P. gracilis Barb. Rodr. Plant slender, variable, up to 30 cm. tall. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems caes- pitose, 4.5-11 cm. high, with a long, close, tubular, evanescent sheath below the middle. Leaf prominently petioled; lamina elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, up to 10.5 cm. long and 2.7 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, commonly much surpassing the subtending leaf, up to 20.5 cm. long; basal spathe very conspicuous, laterally compressed, up to 5 cm. long; raceme loosely several- to many-flowered. Flowers rather large, with wide-spreading segments, greenish violet. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate, up to 2.1 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar, about as long as the dorsal sepal but twice as wide, entirely connate up to the apex. Petals linear-lanceolate from an ovate-triangular basal portion, aristate-acuminate, a little shorter than the sepals. Lip linear- lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate, about as long as the petals, slightly concave at the base. Column minute, dilated at the base and apex. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 339 San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, epiphyte in forest, Klug 3563. Pleurothallis secunda Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 49, t. 85. 1836. Pleurothallis Lindenii Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 12: 397. 1843; Orch. Linden. 1, no. 2. 1846; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 7, no. 28. 1859. Pleurothallis Lindenii Lindl. var. pumila Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 72. 1855. Pleurothallis Lindenii Lindl. var. gigantea Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 240. 1855. Humboldtia Lindenii 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 667. 1891. Humboldtia secunda 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 668. 1891. Pleurothallis araguensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 1: 9. 1922. Plant medium-sized to large, extremely variable throughout, with a more or less conspicuous creeping rhizome. Stems commonly approximate, monophyllous, slender, about 7-34 cm. long, with 2-3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, elliptic or elliptic-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, com- monly gradually narrowed to a sessile or shortly petioled base (rarely broadly cuneate at the base), 7.6-30 cm. long, up to 4.3 (rarely 7.6) cm. wide. Inflores- cences usually 1 or 2 (rarely remnants of 7 peduncles appear), loosely racemose, more or less shorter than the leaf (rarely about equally long), few-flowered, com- monly diffuse or nodding. Flowers medium-sized, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal ovate or oblong-ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (rarely ob- tuse), concave, up to 12 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a deeply concave, suborbicular-ovate (rarely lanceolate) lamina which is subequally long with the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals narrowly lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- late or elliptic-lanceolate (rarely triangular-lanceolate), more or less oblique, acumi- nate or long-acuminate, sometimes with a curved apical portion, shorter than or subequaling the dorsal sepal. Lip relatively minute, ovate or suborbicular-ovate from an abruptly reflexed base, deeply cordate below, often acute or apiculate at the commonly rounded apex, about 3.2 mm. or less long through the middle, with a pair of fleshy calli near the base. Column minute, stout, embraced by the basal auricles of the lip. Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), on tree trunks, Poeppig 1746 (type of P. secunda; the lip was poorly drawn and described in the type diagnosis) . Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1303. Same locality, 1800 meters, Schunke 1708. Pichis Trail, Por- venir, 1500-1900 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25932. Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1400-1700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24858 (no petals or lip on the flower present). Loreto: Pumayacu, between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600-1200 meters, epiphyte in forest, Klug 0.13. Also Venezuela (type of P. Lindenii and P. araguensis), Colombia and Ecuador. The correct identity of this species was pointed out by Mr. Les- lie A. Garay, of Toronto, Canada. 340 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Pleurothallis secunda Poepp. & Endl. var. longiracema C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 17: 41. 1955. Pleuro- thallis Lindenii Lindl. var. longiracema C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 16: 53. 1953. Plant medium-sized, up to 39 cm. tall to the tip of the erect inflorescence. Stems often proliferating, the lower stems 9-21 cm. long. Leaves sessile or very short-petioled, ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, up to 11.5 cm. long and 2.8 cm. wide. Inflorescences solitary, strict or nearly so unlike those of the type, loosely few- to several-flowered, up to 18 cm. long, arising from a rather prominent, conduplicate spathe up to 1.9 cm. long. Flowers bilabiate, rather sim- ilar to those of the type. Sepals similar to those of the species. Petals shorter than the sepals, oblong-linear, acute, lightly oblique. Lip much smaller than the other segments, suborbicular-ovate, lightly but distinctly 3-lobed, cordate at the base, acute in front, about 4 mm. long and broader near the base; lateral lobes obliquely ovate-rounded; mid-lobe larger, triangular-ovate. Column stout, minute. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Tuncapata, Sta. Rita, 2800 meters, epiphytic, Vargas 2663 (type). Near Tuncapata, 2600 meters, "laderas junto al camino entre herbaceas," Vargas 4098. Pleurothallis serripetala Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 23. 1916. Rhizome abbreviated, stout. Plant large. Stems stout, caespitose, monophyl- lous, up to 52 cm. tall, mostly concealed by several close, tubular, evanescent sheaths, those near the base being densely hairy. Leaf erect, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblong or elliptic, obtuse or subacute, cuneate at the sessile base, 13.5-25 cm. long, up to 5 cm. wide, thickly coriaceous. Inflorescences abbre- viated, several, fascicled, 1-flowered, with fusco-pilose plurisulcate ovary and scari- ous bracts. Flowers rather large, brown, successive, 2 cm. or more long. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, 1.9-2.2 cm. long, acuminate, velvety within, densely short- pubescent without. Lateral sepals similar, about as long as the dorsal sepal but somewhat broader, oblique, connate through the basal third. Petals much smaller, about one third to one half as long as the sepals, rhombic-oblanceolate in outline, abruptly contracted above the middle into a nearly caudiform apex, with the mar- gins of the middle portion dentate-erose. Lip subequaling the petals, arcuate- recurved, short-clawed, from a hastate base triangular and narrowed to an obtuse, fleshy tip, entire but with the lower margins lacerate-dentate, about 7-9 mm. long. Column slender, arcuate, about as long as the petals and lip. Apurimac: Prov. of Andahuaylas, Posocoi Ravine, 2700 meters, on rocks, Vargas 8790. Cuzco: Prov. of Calca, between Lamai and Calca, 1950 meters, on rocks, Vargas 3196. Valle del Urubamba, Ollantaitambo, 2800 meters, Herrera 3484- Ollantaitambo, 3000- 3100 meters, terrestrial on rocky slope, Pennell 13641 (flowers poor). Junin : Prov. of Huancayo, valley-system of Pariahuanca, between Panti and Rocchac, 2400-2600 meters, in sclerophyllous vegetation consisting of trees and shrubs, Weberbauer 6538 (type). SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 341 Pleurothallis simplicilabia C. Schweinf. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cie"nc. Exact. Fisic. y Natur. 5, no. 19: 350. 1943. Plant rather large, epiphytic. Rhizome not present in the type. Secondary stem (in our specimen) strongly arcuate from a decumbent base, monophyllous, about 17.5 cm. long, provided below the middle with a long, close, tubular sheath. Leaf obscurely petioled, elliptic-oblong, broadly rounded at the apex, broadly cune- ate at the base, 10.3 cm. long, nearly 4 cm. wide. Racemes numerous (about 13), much surpassing the leaf, up to 26.5 cm. long, floriferous nearly to the base, densely many-flowered above. Flowers small for the genus, yellow, campanulate, membra- naceous. Sepals more or less connate at the base. Dorsal sepal deeply concave, oblong-ovate when expanded, acute and mucronate, about 4.8 mm. long, irregu- larly fimbriate. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, more or less connate be- low, about equally long with the dorsal sepal but narrower, irregularly fimbriate. Petals obliquely lanceolate-oblong, broadly rounded at the apex, about two thirds as long as the sepals and narrower. Lip smaller than the petals, concave-condupli- cate in natural position, suborbicular-cordate when expanded, rounded at the apex, about 2 mm. long and broad near the base; disc with a fleshy semiorbicular callus on each side near the middle. Column smaller than the lip, dilated toward the base. Cuzco: Prov. of Convencion, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, epiphytic in dense forest, Vargas 2543. Pleurothallis Smithiana Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29, Misc. 57, no. 79. 1843; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 23, no. 133. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 532, t. 107, fig. 1. 1896. Humboldtia Smithiana 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant rather small to medium-sized, up to 26 cm. or more high, variable, with a creeping rhizome. Stems rather distant or subcaespitose, usually slender, mono- phyllous, 4.6-18 cm. or more tall, provided with 2-4 evanescent, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, narrowly oblong to elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, 4.5-10 cm. long, 1-2.4 cm. wide, obtuse, rounded at the sessile base, thickly coriaceous. Inflores- cences commonly 1 or 2 (occasionally 4 peduncles are present), racemose, about half as long as the leaf or more, rather densely few-flowered, with the peduncle and rachis up to 5 cm. long. Flowers rather small, bilabiate, densely pubescent with- out, greenish, white or yellowish lined with lavender or reddish brown. Dorsal sepal oblong, abruptly obtuse to acute, thickened near the apex, up to 9.8 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an elliptic-ovate, sharply bidentate lamina which is slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal but twice as broad. Petals less than half as long as the lateral sepals, spatulate, from a slender claw-like base abruptly dilated, subacute to obtuse, with the anterior portion denticulate above. Lip some- what longer than the petals, oblong-rhombic, cuneate-unguiculate, up to 4.3 mm. long; lamina fleshy, elliptic-ovate in outline, rounded and denticulate at the apex, with a pair of minute, ovate-triangular, erect lobules near the base, bicallose in the middle. Column about equaling the petals, clavate, minutely denticulate above, about 3.3 mm. or less long. San Martin : San Roque, 1350-1500 meters, in forest, epiphytic on trunk of petrified tree, Williams 7259. Also Venezuela, Brazil (type) and Paraguay. 342 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Pleurothallis spathata Schltr. Fedde Repert. 27: 54. 1929. Plant medium-sized, 18-29 cm. high. Rhizome abbreviated or shortly creep- ing. Stems caespitose, slender, 5-16 cm. long, 1-leaved at the apex, provided with 2-3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, shortly but distinctly petioled; lamina elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate below, 7-11 cm. long, 1.1-3.2 cm. wide; petiole up to 1 cm. long. Inflores- cence solitary (rarely 2 or 3), lax to flexuous, subequaling or exceeding the leaf, loosely several- to many-flowered, up to 17 cm. long, subtended by a conspicuous conduplicate spathe 1.7-5 cm. long. Flowers rather small, violet or pale greenish brown with red or violet dots, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal narrowly oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, 8-10 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an elliptic-ovate or "oblong," concave lamina which is slightly shorter but about twice as broad as the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely linear-lanceolate, gently decurved, acuminate, slightly shorter than the sepals, finely pubescent on the back and on the margins. Lip ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, more or less rhombic-dilated below the middle, 5.9-6.8 mm. long, up to 3.2 mm. wide below. Column minute, arcuate, about 2 mm. high. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Utcuyacu, 1900 meters, on tree in low forest, Woytkowski 35356. Bolivia (type). Pleurothallis spathulifolia C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 188, t. 22, figs. 1-4. 1942. Figure 64. Plant dwarf, with a shortly creeping rhizome. Stems minute, 3-4 mm. long, monophyllous, enclosed by 1-3 loose, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, spatulate, rounded above, with a minutely tridenticulate tip, gradually tapering to a subpetioled base, up to 1.6 cm. long and 6 mm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, capillary, much exceeding the leaves, racemose above, loosely few- (up to 11-) flowered. Flowers small, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or elliptic- lanceolate, acute, concave, about 3 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate almost to the middle, forming an elliptic-ovate lamina with the apices acute, about as long as the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals shorter than the sepals, obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, acute. Lip ovate-oblong, slightly contracted on each side above the middle, broadly rounded at the apex which is denticulate, subtruncate below, with an inverted V-shaped callus near the base, about 1.8 mm. long. Column nearly as long as the lip, broadly winged, with a 3-lobed, denticulate apex, about 1.4 mm. long. Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, epiphyte in open woods, Killip & Smith 23159. FIG. 64. Pleurothallis spathulifolia C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X IJ^- 2, flower from above, expanded; X 5. 3, column and lip from side; X 10. 4, lip from above; X 20. P. caudatipetala C. Schweinf. 5, plant; X 2J^. 6, flower from above, expanded; X 5. 7, lip from above, expanded; X 20. 8, column and lip from side; X 10. 343 344 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Pleurothallis spiralis (Ruiz & Pav.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. (1830) 7. Humboldtia spiralis Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1: 237. 1798. Stelis spiralis Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 524. 1807. Plant small, funiform, with a long creeping rhizome. Stems very short, con- cealed by sheaths, apparently appressed to the rhizome, unifoliate. Leaf elliptic- oblong, more or less acute, up to 3 cm. long and 1 cm. wide when expanded. Inflorescence loosely few-flowered, longer than the leaf. Flowers large for the plant, apparently about 1 cm. long. Sepals broadly ovate, subobtuse, the lateral ones connate into a cymbiform lamina. Petals minute, cuneate, truncate and thickened at the apex. Lip similar to the petals, triquetrous. Huanuco: Huassa-huassi, in rocky places, Pavon s.n. This is an obscure species; judged from the photograph of Hum- boldtia spiralis in the Ames Herbarium, it appears to be allied to Pleurothallis macrorhiza Lindl. Pleurothallis stenopetala Lodd. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24, Misc. 95, no. 182. 1838; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 33, no. 200. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 552, t. 91, fig. 2. 1896. Humboldtia steno- petala 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant variable, medium-sized to rather large, with a commonly abbreviated rhizome. Stems approximate, monophyllous, 3.5-13.8 cm. high, provided with 2-3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths of which the uppermost is the longest. Leaf erect, petioled; lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblong or elliptic-obovate, obtuse to broadly rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, 3.6-9.6 cm. long, up to 3.2 cm. wide; petiole up to 1.8 cm. long. Inflorescence solitary (rarely 2 or 3), commonly about twice as long as the leaf or more, erect to lax, up to 26.5 cm. long, race- mose above, subdensely many-flowered. Flowers medium-sized, greenish white, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed from a lanceolate, concave base, pubescent within, 7-21 mm. long. Lateral sepals sim- ilar, entirely free, with an oblique base. Petals three to many times shorter than the sepals, obliquely oblong, often slightly dilated above the middle, with a rounded apex and a fleshy-thickened mid-nerve forming an apicule. Lip about as long as the petals, recurved with the lower part conduplicate in natural position, ovate or rhombic-ovate in outline, sometimes lightly 3-lobed when expanded, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, the flat anterior portion papillose and with irregular margins, about 2.2-3.3 mm. long. Column subequaling the petals, clavate, ter- minating in a prominent, triangular, concave wing. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke s.n. (Herb. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. 571660). A variable species extending throughout northern South America to Bolivia, the type being from Brazil. Pleurothallis syringifolia Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 22. 1916. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 345 Plant small to medium-sized, caespitose. Stems approximate, numerous, mon- ophyllous, up to 18 cm. long, spreading, provided with 2 tubular, distant, evanes- cent sheaths. Leaf horizontally spreading, broadly ovate, deeply cordate at the base, acute or abruptly acuminate, up to 9 cm. long including the basal auricles and 5 cm. wide. Inflorescences fascicled, 1-flowered, abbreviated, numerous, with slender peduncles. Flowers very small, bilabiate, pale green spotted with brown. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate ("broadly oblong"), concave, subacute, up to 4.1 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a broadly ovate, deeply concave, bidentate lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal but twice as wide. Petals nar- rowly triangular-lanceolate or linear-triangular, a little shorter than the sepals, long-narrowed above to a subacute tip. Lip elliptic-oblong, cymbiform, acute or acuminate, with the lateral margins incurved and fleshy-thickened, a little shorter than the petals, about 3 mm. long. Column minute, stout. Cajamarca: Prov. of Jan, on the eastern slope of the Cordillera above Tabaconas (5 10 '-5 20' S. Br.), 2400 meters, in sclerophyl- lous vegetation consisting of shrubs and scattering saplings, Weber- bauer 6302. A specimen bearing the type number has been examined. Pleurothallis Talpinaria Reichb. f. Flora 69: 554. 1886; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 189. 1942. Talpinaria bivalvis Karst. Fl. Columb. 1: 153, t. 76. 1859, not Pleurothallis FIG. 65. Pleurothallis Talpinaria Reichb. f. Lip from above, natural position; X 10. Lip and column from side; X 10. bivalvis Lindl. Pleurothallis trimeroglossa Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 78. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Bern. 57: t. 115, nr. 452. 1929. Figure 65. Plant small to medium-sized, epiphytic, up to 21 cm. high. Rhizome abbrevi- ated. Stems approximate, numerous, monophyllous, erect or spreading, provided with 2 or 3 tubular, evanescent sheaths, up to 12 cm. long. Leaf erect, petioled; lamina oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute to obtuse, cuneate at the base, 5-10 cm. long, up to 2 cm. wide; petiole short, up to 1.5 cm. long. Inflorescences abbrevi- 346 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 ated, 1-flowered, fascicled, 1 to several, in the axil of a conspicuous, conduplicate spathe about 1.5 cm. or more long. Flowers medium-sized, bilabiate, reddish. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, concave, about 13 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into an elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or bidentate, deeply concave lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal and slightly wider. Petals linear or elliptic-linear, subacute, about half as long as the sepals or nearly as long. Lip shorter than the sepals, about 8 mm. long including the short fleshy claw, complicated in structure; basal half with a high, semiorbicular, flattened, pubescent keel enclosed by a pair of erect, conduplicate, semiorbicular-lunate lobes which are long-fimbriate on the recurved lower margin; anterior half gently recurved, oblong-elliptic, flabellate when ex- panded, prominently 3-toothed in front (the middle tooth much shorter), with conspicuous nerves extending to the apex of the teeth. Column slender, arcuate, dilated at the apex, about 5.2 mm. long, with a short, stout foot. Junin : Prov. of Huancayo, Valley of Pariahuanca, between Panti and Rocchac, 2400 meters, Weberbauer 6541 (type of Pleurothallis trimeroglossa). Also Colombia and Venezuela (Talpinaria bivalvis). Two isotype collections of P. trimeroglossa have been examined. Pleurothallis tentaculata (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 354. 1836; Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 20, no. 108. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 444. 1896. Restrepia tentaculata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 34, t. 59. 1836. Humboldtia tentaculata 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant large, caespitose. Stems stout, monophyllous, 17-30 cm. high, provided with 2 long, close, evanescent, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, lanceolate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, rounded or obtusely acute at the apex, cuneate at the sessile base, 15-20.4 cm. long, up to 3 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, 2-4 (rarely 1), with long slender peduncles up to 3.5 cm. long, issuing from a condupli- cate spathe up to 2.5 cm. long. Flowers large, bilabiate, with spreading white sepals. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, acute, 2.5-3 cm. long. Lateral sepals en- tirely connate into a broadly lanceolate, bidentate lamina which is a little longer and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals filiform from a lightly triangular-dilated base, about as long as the lateral sepals, purple. Lip distinctly 3-lobed near the shortly unguiculate base, dark purple, somewhat longer than the dorsal sepal, 3-3.5 cm. long; lateral lobes minute, auriculiform, transversely reniform, erect; mid-lobe elongate, filiform. Column stout, abbreviated, 5-6 mm. long, with a relatively elongate, 5-dentate wing. Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Co- chero), Poeppig s.n. Pleurothallis tenuifolia C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 102, t. 33. 1951. Figure 66. Plant medium-sized, caespitose, epiphytic, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems approximate, numerous, monophyllous, up to 13.5 cm. tall, provided with 3 close, PLEURQTHALLIS tenuifolia C, SclwOerrvf, FIG. 66. Pleurothallis lenuifolia C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X K- 2, petal from front; X 3. 3, lateral sepal and column; X 3. 4, dorsal sepal; X 3. 5, lip, expanded; X 4. 6, lip from side, natural position; X 4. 347 348 FIELDI AN A: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 tubular, evanescent sheaths of which the uppermost is longest and separate. Leaf erect or nearly so, linear, abruptly obtuse to rounded at the apex, gradually nar- rowed below to an indistinct petiole, 7.5-12 cm. long, up to 1 cm. wide, generally with revolute margins in the dried specimen, thick in texture. Inflorescences usu- ally solitary (rarely 2 peduncles are present), shorter than or exceeding the leaf, loosely many-flowered nearly to the base, erect to arcuate or flexuous, about 17 cm. or less long. Flowers yellow with a white column. Sepals free or nearly so, re- curved-spreading above, finely pubescent within on the upper part. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, long-narrowed above, concave below, about 13 mm. long. Lat- eral sepals obliquely linear-triangular or linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, about as long as the dorsal sepal and slightly wider. Petals less than half as long as the sepals, narrowly cuneate-oblong, rounded at the cucullate apex. Lip gently re- curved in natural position, narrowly obovate-oblong when expanded, obscurely constricted on each side, gradually narrowed below, broadly rounded at the apex, up to 5.9 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, with 2 short parallel keels near the middle. Column small, lightly arcuate, the dilated apex 3-lobed, about 3.9 mm. long, ex- tended into a conspicuous foot. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 2000 meters, on tree in low highland forest, Woytkowski 35482. Pleurothallis tenuifolia C. Schweinf. var. longisepala C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean 1 . Harvard Univ. 16: 55. 1953. Plant medium-sized, caespitose. Stems approximate, numerous, very slender, monophyllous, up to 11 cm. long, provided with 2 or 3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect or spreading, narrowly linear, abruptly obtuse to subacute, gradually narrowed below to a subpetioled base, up to 13.5 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, with the margins conspicuously revolute. Inflorescence commonly solitary (sometimes remnants of 4 peduncles present), lax or nodding, loosely several- to many-flowered almost to the base, much shorter than the leaf, about 9 cm. or less long. Flowers yellowish white. Sepals free, spreading above, finely papillose within, longer than in the type. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-linear, about 20 mm. long. Lateral sepals very similar, lightly oblique. Petals about a fifth as long as the sepals, cuneate-oblong, subacute. Lip oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, about 5 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide above, lightly bicarinate near the middle. Column very small, shorter than the petals, wing-dilated above with a denticulate apex, about 3 mm. high. Huanuco: Prov. of Pachitea, above La Molina, near Panao, Asplund 13697. Pleurothallis tenuis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 190, t. 18, figs. 8-14. 1942. Figure 56. Plant small, caespitose, about 6 cm. tall. Stems spreading, short, simple, up to 3 cm. long, monophyllous, entirely concealed by several (up to 5) lepanthiform sheaths with spreading hispidulous mouth. Leaf erect, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, subacute to rounded at the apex, broadly cuneate below with a very short petiole, up to 2.7 cm. long and 9 mm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, racemose, much surpass- ing the leaf, capillary, loosely few- (up to 10-) flowered, arcuate, about 5 cm. or SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 349 less long. Flowers small but large for the plant. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, concave below, rather abruptly long-acuminate or caudate above, about 7 mm. long and 2.3 mm. wide below. Lateral sepals triangular-linear or lanceolate-linear, grad- ually long-attenuate, free nearly to the base, slightly longer and much narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals about half as long as the sepals, very obliquely ellip- tic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Lip lanceolate, obtuse at the recurved apex, cuneate at the base, with incurved, indistinct, broadly rounded lobules near the base, about 3.5 mm. long and 1.7 mm. wide below the middle. Column slender, more than half as long as the petals, slightly arcuate, about 2 mm. long. Cuzco: H err era 2157 (Bues coll.) (type). Ayacucho: Aina, be- tween Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 22539. (This latter collection, which consists of advanced plants, shows one stem about 4 cm. long, one leaf about 3.5 cm. long and one raceme about 8 cm. long bearing 18 flowers.) Pleurothallis trachychlamys Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 17: 23. 1922; Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 31, t. 19, figs. 1-3. 1924. Plant small, slender, with a long, creeping rhizome. Stems short, slender, commonly subremote, monophyllous, 2.2-6 cm. long (perhaps longer), more or less ascending from a decumbent base, entirely concealed by 3-5 tubular, close, retrorse-hispidulous sheaths. Leaf erect, linear, lanceolate-elliptic or oblong-ellip- tic, obtuse to subacute, cuneate at the sessile base, 5-7.5 cm. long, up to 1.1 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, apparently 1-3. Flowers small, white or greenish-yellow, with recurved-spreading segments. Dorsal sepal ovate- oblong ("lanceolate"), acute to subacute, concave, 2.7-5 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, acute. Petals nearly as long as the sepals, lanceolate-oblong from an abruptly dilated basal portion, subacute to obtuse. Lip about half as long as the sepals, oblong-elliptic in outline, with a pair of horizontally spreading, triangular teeth or lobules at about the middle, abruptly acute at the broad apex, about 1.8-2 mm. long. Column minute, wing-dilated above with a sharp tooth on each side. Loreto: Puerto Arturo, lower Rio Huallaga below Yurimaguas, about 135 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 27889. Also Panama (type) and perhaps Costa Rica (sterile plants only). Pleurothallis trachysepala Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1 : 178. 1905. Plant large, caespitose. Stems approximate, slender, monophyllous, 40-45 cm. tall, provided with 2 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, ovate or oblong-ovate, abruptly acute or acuminate, deeply cordate at the base, 12-18 cm. long including the basal auricles, up to 8 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, several, racemose 1 and few-flowered (perhaps 1-flowered). Flowers small, bilabiate, 1 This diagnosis was necessarily drawn from the description, amplified by a photograph of the type collection. Although the inflorescences were described as racemose and few-flowered, suspicion points to the 1-flowered group of which P. cordata (Ruiz & Pav.) Lindl. bears the closest similarity. 350 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 red-brown. Dorsal sepal "oblong," obtuse, about 7 mm. long. Lateral sepals con- nate into a broadly ovate-oblong, deeply concave lamina which is biapiculate at the apex, about as long as the dorsal sepal but nearly twice as wide. Petals a little shorter than the sepals, linear-lanceolate from a somewhat broader base, acumi- nate, fimbriate. Lip short-unguiculate, about half as long as the sepals; lamina broadly cordate-ovate, shortly acute, serrate toward the apex, angled on each side at the base. Column short, stout. Cajamarca: Prov. of Hualgayoc, near Chugur northwest of Hual- gayoc, 2700-3000 meters, epiphyte in dense moist woods mixed with shrubs, Weberbauer 4095. Pleurothallis trialata Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 500, t. 100, fig. 2. 1896. Lepanthes tricarinata Barb. Rodr. Gen. & Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 43. 1882, not Pleurothallis tricarinata Poepp. & Endl. Plant small, up to 15 cm. tall, from a slender, creeping rhizome. Stems approx- imate to subremote, very short, decumbent below, monophyllous, up to 2 cm. long, concealed by 2 tubular, imbricating, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, subacute to obtuse, gradually long-narrowed below to a petiole-like base, up to 14.5 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide. Inflorescence solitary, diffuse or nodding, very loosely 1- to 6-flowered, arising from the stem below the leaf -joint, shorter than to slightly exceeding the leaf, rarely up to 14 cm. long. Flower medium- sized, greenish yellow, with the ovary and sepals prominently wing-carinate. Dorsal sepal narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a caudate termination, navic- ular, 10-13 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar to the dorsal sepal, connate to about the middle or above. Petals almost a half to a third as long as the sepals, oblanceo- late-oblong or oblong-spatulate, sharply acute to subacute. Lip lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, with the sides just below the middle erect and forming a pair of indistinct lobules, obtuse to acute, a little longer than the petals, about 4.2-6 mm. long. Column shorter than the petals, stout, clavate. Huanuco: Mufia, about 2100 meters, in rock crevices in dry woods, Macbride 4088. Junin : Colonia Perene, about 680 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25092. Brazil (type). Pleurothallis tricarinata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 49, t. 87. 1836; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 28, no. 166. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 544. 1896. Humboldtia tricarinata 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant medium-sized, with a creeping rhizome. Stems approximate, more or less complanate above, monophyllous, up to 8 cm. high, provided below with 2 or 3 tubular, imbricating, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect or spreading, oval to ellip- tic-oblong or oblong, 4.5-9 cm. long, up to 2.5 cm. wide, subacute to obtuse, cuneate to subrounded at the sessile base. Inflorescences commonly solitary (rarely 3 fas- cicled peduncles are present), more or less surpassing the leaf, up to 18 cm. long, densely or rather densely racemose above, several- to many-flowered. Floral bracts conspicuous, dorsally carinate. Flowers medium-sized, erect-spreading, yellow, with the ovary and sepals prominently wing-carinate. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceo- SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 351 late, long-acuminate, navicular, 10-12 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into a narrowly lanceolate, acute or minutely bidentate lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal. Petals oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, sometimes slightly pandu- rate, sharply acute, lightly oblique, about a third as long as the sepals or more. Lip oblong or ovate-oblong with the lower sides erect, bicarinate near the middle margins, rounded to acute at the apex, about 5-6 mm. long. Column about equal- ing the petals and a little shorter than the lip, terminating in a rounded, cucullate, denticulate wing. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, 2500 meters, rare on rocks, Vargas 3403. Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), on trees, Poeppig 1733 (type). Junin: Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest, Schunke A 56. Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke L. Same locality, 1600 meters, Schunke 1091, 1185. Also Bolivia and Brazil. Pleurothallis tridentata Kl. Allg. Gartenz. 8: 289. 1840; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 11, no. 50. 1859; Kranzl. Xen. Orch. 3: 168, t. 298, fig. II, 8-12. 1900. Humboldtia tridentata 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant small, caespitose, variable. Stems filiform, up to 11.5 cm. high, mono- phyllous, provided with 2 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf ovate to ovate- lanceolate, erect to horizontally spreading, more or less abruptly narrowed to a minutely tridenticulate apex, shallowly cordate at the base, up to 6.2 cm. long and 1.9 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1 -flowered several. Flowers very small, bilabiate, yellowish green. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate to elliptic-obovate, subacute or obtuse, concave, 3-6 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a suborbic- ular-ovate, deeply concave lamina which is about as long as the dorsal sepal but a little wider. Petals linear or oblanceolate-linear, acute, much shorter than the sepals. Lip ovate or broadly ovate in outline, concave with upcurved sides at the base, callose-thickened in the middle, sometimes lightly retuse at the apex, with the central vein clavate near the front, short-unguiculate, about as long as the petals, up to 3.8 mm. long. Column minute, stout. Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Tingo Maria, epiphyte on gravelly bank of Rio Huallaga, Asplund 12347. Junin: Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1400-1700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Kil- lip & Smith 24860, 24874. (The first collection cited presents but one poor flower, but it appears to be the same as the latter one.) Venezuela (type). Pleurothallis trilineata Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 29, no. 171. 1859. Humboldtia trilineata 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant medium-sized to large, up to 42 cm. high. Stems approximate, stout, sometimes superposed, monophyllous, provided with 2 or 3 close, tubular, evanes- cent sheaths, 7-24 cm. long. Leaf erect, narrowly oblanceolate-oblong to linear- oblong (rarely elliptic-oblong), obtuse (and apiculate) to rounded at the apex, 352 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 cuneate at the base with a more or less distinct short petiole, up to 15 cm. long and 1.6 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 or 2, commonly more or less surpassing the leaf, up to 19.5 cm. long, racemose, densely many-flowered nearly to the base, with a stout rachis. Flowers small, campanulate, yellow. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, concave, subacute, puberulent within toward the margins, up to 7 mm. long, lightly carinate below. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong, more or less connate below, dis- tinctly carinate, subequally long with the dorsal sepal but narrower. Petals about half as long as the sepals, obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, distinctly 3-nerved. Lip minute, rhombic or rhombic-ovate in outline, 3-lobed in the middle with erect semiobovate lateral lobes which are callose in front, obtuse, cuneate at the base, traversed by 3 dark lines, about 2.1 mm. long. Column minute, cucullate above, about half as long as the petals. Peru: Habitat not recorded, ex Hooker (type). Ancash: Prov. of Bolognesi, Chupa, stone slope of mountain near Aquia, 3200-3250 meters, Ferreyra 7537. Apurimac: Prov. of Abancay, Cachora, Rosa- spata, 2800 meters, on rocks, Vargas 9106. Huanuco: Mito, about 2760 meters, on ledges of shrubby hillsides, Macbride 3285. Junin: Pasco, Salcachupan y Cerro de Pasco, 3500 meters, in low forest on mountain slope, Ferreyra 6608. Pleurothallis Trulla Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 114. 1854; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 31, no. 187. 1859. Humboldtia trulla 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant apparently large. Stem stout, obtusely four-angled in section, mono- phyllous, (incomplete in the type). Leaf elliptic-oblong, 7.6-12.8 cm. long, up to 3.9 cm. wide, acute, cuneate at the sessile base. Inflorescences 2-3, much surpass- ing the leaf, up to 22 cm. long, racemose above the middle, loosely up to 13-flow- ered. Flowers small, nodding, secund. Perianth little open, bilabiate, membrana- ceous. Dorsal sepal oblong, acute, concave, about 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-oblong, bidentate lamina which is deeply concave at the base where it forms a prominent mentum, about as long as the dorsal sepal. Petals spatulate-oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, commonly broadly rounded at the apex, markedly shorter than the sepals. Lip shorter than the petals, recurved, from a long, slender claw abruptly dilated into a suborbicular-ovate lamina which is cor- date at the base, obtuse or abruptly acute or apiculate; disc provided with a high intramarginal keel on each side. Column slender, cucullate at the apex, about half as long as the petals, provided with a conspicuous foot. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n. In the Ames Herbarium there is a drawing of this species with floral analysis, from the Reichenbach Herbarium. I have lately had the opportunity of seeing the type specimen. Pleurothallis tunguraguae Lehm. & Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 26: 439. 1899. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 353 Plant large, with an abbreviated rhizome, about 49 cm. or less tall. Stems slender, approximate, with 2 or 3 close, tubular, evanescent sheaths, up to 30 cm. tall, monophyllous. Leaf erect or nearly so, distinctly petioled; lamina elliptic- oblong, acute or obtuse, cuneate below, up to 16 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide; petiole slender, 2-3 cm. long. Inflorescences 1-5, more or less shorter than the leaf, sub- densely many-flowered to the base, enclosed at the base by a conduplicate spathe up to 1.5 cm. long. Flowers small, campanulate, white or yellowish white. Sepals ciliolate. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, up to 5.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals narrowly triangular-lanceolate, carinate, slightly longer and much narrower than the dorsal sepal, connate below the middle. Petals linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly exceeding half of the sepals. Lip minute, sigmoid when viewed from the side, abruptly 3-lobed near the middle, shortly and abruptly clawed, rhombic when expanded, 1.8-2.1 mm. long and some- what narrower when spread out; lateral lobes obliquely and broadly obtriangular, upcurved; mid-lobe subequal or larger, ovate, acute, thickened in the middle. Column abbreviated, stout, shorter than the lip. Amazonas: Prov. of Bongara, on ridges above Quebrada Santa Rosa, across the northeast end of Lake Pomocochas, 2430 meters, epiphyte in mountain rain-forest, Hodge 6154- Ecuador (type). I have examined isotype material of this species. Pleurothallis undulata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 48. 1836; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 10, no. 46. 1859; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 452. 1896. Humboldtia undulata 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Plant rather large, with a creeping, twisted, many-jointed rhizome. Stems caespitose, numerous, slender, monophyllous, 9-18 cm. tall, erect, provided with 2 long-tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf ovate-lanceolate, rather long-acuminate, deeply cordate at the sessile base, 6-9.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, horizontally spreading. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, few. Flowers small, yellow, membranaceous, bilabiate. Dorsal sepal triangular-lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- late, acute, 8-9 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into a similar but broader, concave lamina. Petals subulate, very acute, finely puberulent, about half as long as the sepals. Lip a little shorter than the petals, very shortly and narrowly clawed, oblong, obtuse or acute, lightly sagittate at the base, fleshy, finely papillose on the margin, a little shorter than the petals, about 3.5 mm. long. Column minute, stout. Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Cochero) on trees, Poeppig 1431 (type). Also Venezuela and Brazil. Pleurothallis vagina ta Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 19: 197. 1923; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 4: 98. 1937. Pleurothallis umbraticola Schltr. Fedde Repert. 27: 56. 1929. Plant medium-sized to large, variable, up to 44 cm. high, with a stout creeping rhizome (often not evident in the dried specimen). Stems monophyllous, up to 30 cm. high, provided near the base with 1-3 short, tubular sheaths and near the 354 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 middle or above with a conspicuous, loose, tubular-infundibuliform, membrana- ceous sheath. Leaf erect, shortly petioled; lamina broadly ovate to elliptic or oval (rarely oblong-ovate), acute or acuminate, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, 6-17 cm. long including the short petiole, 2.7-9 cm. wide. Inflorescences short, racemose, 1 to numerous, about half as long as the leaf or less, loosely or subdensely several- (up to 10-) flowered. Flowers small, urceolate, green to yellow, maroon or green and violet. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblanceolate to elliptic-obovate (rarely ob- long-lanceolate), obtuse to acute, concave below, usually flat and recurved above, pubescent Vithin on the anterior half, up to 9 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, subacute or acute, more or less connate (to the middle or above), pubescent within, forming a prominent mentum with the column-foot, a little smaller than the dorsal sepal. Petals about half as long as the sepals, obliquely cuneate-spatulate, more or less acute at the subtruncate or broadly rounded apex. Lip arcuate with erect sides and subequaling the petals in natural position, obovate in outline when expanded, about 4 mm. or less long; lower part subquadrate, like a claw; anterior part ovate, obtuse, with a pair of intramarginal keels. Column small, subequaling the petals, wing-dilated above, with a trilobulate denticulate apex, extended into a conspicuous foot. Loreto: Pumayacu, between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600- 1200 meters, epiphyte in forest, Klug 0.7. Also in Costa Rica (type of P. vaginata), Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Venezuela, British Guiana, Colombia and Bolivia (type of P. umbraticola) . Pleurothallis Vargasii C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 192, t. 23. 1942. Figure 67. Plant large and robust, probably caespitose (lower portion incomplete in our specimens). Stems stout, monophyllous, up to over 19 cm. tall, provided with 2 or 3 loose, tubular sheaths of which the uppermost is largest, separate and promi- nent. Leaf erect, oblong-elliptic to oval or obovate-elliptic, rounded, obtuse or retuse at the apex, cuneate at the sessile, scarcely petioled base, 11.4-22.3 cm. long, up to 8.5 cm. wide. Inflorescences 4-7, erect or nearly so, shorter than to slightly surpassing the leaf, densely many-flowered nearly to the base, subtended by a large conduplicate spathe up to 4 cm. long. Flowers small, campanulate, white, sub- fleshy. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, rounded and apiculate above, concave, finely pubescent within, about 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, acute, connate near the base, finely pubescent within, slightly shorter and much narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals about half as long as the sepals, elliptic- obovate, rounded at the apex. Lip smaller than the petals, oval-ovate in outline when expanded, broadly rounded at the apex, with a pair of incurved semiobovate lobules in the middle, about 3.7 mm. long. Column minute, stout, dilated below. Apurimac: Prov. of Abancay, "bosques altos de Ampay," 3700 meters, epiphyte and also on the ground, Vargas 1075 (type). Same locality, woods in shade, 3550 meters, Vargas 2049. Pleurothallis velaticaulis Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 824. 1849. Humboldtia velaticaulis 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pt. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Pleurothallis Pittieri Schltr. Fedde Repert. 3: 247. 1907. FIG. 67. Pleurothallis Vargasii C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1 A- 2 , flower and ovary from side; X 5. 3, column and lip from side; X 5. 4, lip from above; X 5. 5, petal; X 5. 6, dorsal sepal; X 5. 7, lateral sepals, expanded; X 5. 355 356 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Plant extremely variable, small to large. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems approx- imate, slender to stout, often superposed and proliferating, monophyllous, up to 41 cm. tall, provided with 2 to 3 tubular, evanescent, loose sheaths of which the uppermost is largest and usually prominent. Leaf erect or spreading, gradually tapering into a distinct petiole, rarely subsessile; lamina elliptic-oblong or lanceo- late-elliptic to oval, 4-30 cm. long, 1-9.7 cm. wide, obtuse to rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base; petiole almost wanting to 7 cm. long, channelled. Inflores- cences 1-numerous, suberect to diffuse or nodding, much shorter than to surpass- ing the leaf, up to 20 cm. long, rather densely many-flowered, with the rachis com- monly slender. Flowers small, campanulate, greenish (sometimes with maroon stripes), dull yellow to brownish yellow or yellow-orange. Dorsal sepal ovate, or oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute, concave, more or less minutely pubescent within, lightly carinate, 3.1-5.4 (rarely 7) mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong- lanceolate, acute, often connate to about the middle, navicular, carinate, minutely pubescent within, subequally long but much narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals much smaller than the sepals, oblong-obovate to oblong-spatulate or oblong, rounded to rarely subacute at the apex, 1-nerved. Lip shorter than the petals, 3-lobed near the middle with erect-incurved lateral lobes, broadly rounded to acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, with a more or less conspicuous transverse ridge in front of the concave base, up to 2 mm. long and wide when expanded; lateral lobes semiobovate, lightly emarginate, terminating in front within the an- terior portion; mid-lobe ovate to semiorbicular. Column minute, with a cucul- late wing. Amazonas: Prov. of Bongara, northeast of Pomocochas, on ridge above Quebrada Santa Rosa, 2400 meters, epiphyte in mountain rain- forest, Hodge 6153. Apurimac: Prov. of Abancay, Cachora, Rosa- spata, 2800 meters, on rocks, Vargas 9106. Prov. of Andahuaylas, quebrada north of Chincheros, 2800 meters, in rock crevices, Stork & Horton 10766 (stems proliferous). Cuzco: Herrera 2155 (Bues coll.) (lip short and broad). Ollantaitambo, "Huacanquito," about 3000 meters, Cook & Gilbert 797 (stems proliferous) . Ollantaitambo, Val- ley of the Urubamba, 2800 meters, Herrera 3496 (stems proliferous). Prov. of Paucartambo, near Pillahuata, 3200 meters, in rain-forest, Vargas 3655. Prov. of Quispicanchis, between Ttio and Murayaca (Marcapata), 1960 meters, Vargas 3141. Huanuco: Chasqui, about 3200 meters, in shallow soil on sunny rocks, Macbride & Featherstone 1752. Huacachi, near Muna, about 2000 meters, "rock pockets," Macbride 3873. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke s.n., 1332. Same locality, 1600 meters, Schunke 1694- Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 1900 meters, on tree in shady forest, Woytkowski 35421, 35422. San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 me- ters, epiphyte in mountain forest, King 3623. Also West Indies and Costa Rica (type of P. Pittieri) to Panama, Venezuela (type of P. velaticaulis) , Ecuador and Peru. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 357 Pleurothallis verruculosa Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 177. 1905. Plant medium-sized, epiphytic. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems caespitose, numerous, monophyllous, gradually dilated and laterally flattened upward, up to 15 cm. long, provided with 2 tubular, evanescent sheaths near the base. Leaf oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, erect or spreading, subacute to obtuse, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, fleshy, 4.5-7.6 cm. long, up to 1.8 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1 to several, very short (not equaling half of the leaf), racemose, densely few-flowered, commonly lax or nodding. Flowers small, bilabi- ate, fleshy, brown, often striped with red, more or less finely papillose on both surfaces. Dorsal sepal oblong-obovate or oblong-oblanceolate ("ligulate"), sub- acute, concave below, about 5 mm. long. Lateral sepals shorter than the dorsal sepal, obliquely semielliptic and incurved, acute, more or less connate into a sub- orbicular lamina which is sharply bidentate above. Petals about half as long as the dorsal sepal, obliquely cuneate-spatulate ("oblong"), obtuse, with a short, fleshy, indistinct intramarginal keel on the side near the dorsal sepal. Lip very fleshy, arcuate with erect-incurved sides in natural position, obovate in outline, a little shorter than the petals, subacute to obtuse, from a short claw dilated into a subquadrate-ovate lamina, obscurely lobulate below, about 2 mm. long. Column subequaling the petals, arcuate, abruptly dilated into a cucullate wing which is denticulate above. Cajamarca: Prov. of Chota, mountains west of Huambos, 3100- 3200 meters, in sclerophyllous vegetation consisting of shrubs and saplings, Weberbauer 4180 (type). Huanuco: Yanano, about 1800 meters, on mossy tree, Macbride 3842. In the Ames Herbarium there is a photograph of the type. Pleurothallis xanthochlora Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 823. 1849; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 7, no. 26. 1859; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 178. 1944. Humboldtia xanthochlora 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 668. 1891. Pleurothallis huanucoensis Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 75. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 114, nr. 448. 1929. Plant large, epiphytic or terrestrial, with a creeping rhizome. Stems subre- mote, monophyllous, up to 49.5 cm. tall, provided at the base with 1 or 2 small, tubular, evanescent sheaths and near or above the middle with a longer, tubular, evanescent sheath. Leaf erect or spreading, oblong-elliptic to oval or ovate-elliptic ("oblong"), acute or subacute (rarely short-acuminate), cuneate at the sessile (sometimes subsessile) base, 14-23 cm. long, up to 8.8 cm. wide. Inflorescences 1-5, elongate, usually much surpassing the leaf, racemose, densely or subdensely many-flowered above, erect or lax. Flowers very small, bilabiate, greenish white or white to yellow. Sepals deeply concave. Dorsal sepal ovate or lanceolate- ovate, acute or acuminate, 4-7 mm. long. Lateral sepals entirely connate into an apically narrowed, obtuse lamina which is very similar to the dorsal sepal. Petals linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, subequaling or slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip much shorter than the petals, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate, with the upcurved sides of the basal portion broadly rounded and more 358 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 or less lobuliform above, with denticulate anterior margin, 1.75-3.7 mm. long; disc with a small, central, transverse thickening near the base. Column small, more than half as long as the lip. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, "alturas de Pintobamba," 2700 me- ters, in woods, Vargas 3541- Prov. of Convention, Potrero, Cosque- fiayocc, 1400 meters, Vargas 8266. Prov. of Convention, Hda. "Amaibamba," 1800 meters, in humus of wooded slope, Vargas 3468. Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, epiphyte in forest, Vargas 2540. Huanuco: Near Monzon ("Mon- son"), 1000-1200 meters, between stones, Weberbauer 3491 (type of P. huanucoensis Schltr.). Junin: La Merced, about 600 meters, on tree trunk, Macbride 5533. Pichis Trail, Enenas, 1600-1900 meters, on base of tree trunk in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25662 (entire lip). San Martin: San Roque, 1350-1500 meters, in forest, Williams 7066. Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, in mountain forest, Klug 3422. Venezuela (type of P. xanthochlora) . LEPANTHOPSIS (Cogn.) Ames Small or minute epiphytes. Stems caespitose, unifoliate at the apex, several- jointed, the members being enveloped by close, tubular sheaths with a spreading hispid mouth. Leaf suborbicular to elliptic-oblong, acute to rounded at the apex, very shortly petioled. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, one to several, racemose above, densely several- to many-flowered, often secund. Flowers very small, membranaceous. Parts of the perianth wide-spreading. Sepals subequal, more or less connate, the lateral sepals very deeply connate. Petals much smaller, orbicular to oblong-elliptic. Lip sessile at the base of the column, simple, com- monly larger than the petals. Column minute, footless. Anther terminal, opercu- lar, incumbent. Pollinia 2, waxy, subpyriform. Lepanthopsis floripecten (Reichb. f.) Ames, Bot. Mus. Lean 1 . Harvard Univ. 1, no. 9: 11. 1933. Pleurothallis floripecten Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 25. 1854. Lepanthes secunda Barb. Rodr. Gen. & Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 70. 1882. Pleurothallis unilateralis Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 592, t. 122, fig. 2. 1896. Figure 68. Plant very small, variable, 3-15 cm. tall. Stems caespitose, ascending, up to 7 cm. long, unifoliate at the apex, entirely concealed by 2 to 7 close, tubular sheaths FIG. 68. Lepanthopsis floripecten (Reichb. f.) Ames. 1, secondary stem, with four peduncles, showing that the stem elongates as the successive peduncles are produced; X 1. 2, habit, showing that the stems are comparatively short when the first peduncle is produced; XI. 3, flower, much enlarged. 4, column, much enlarged; the heavily stippled areas represent the lateral stigmas. 5, lip, much enlarged. 6, petal, much enlarged. 7, anther, much enlarged, showing the under side. 8, pollinia, much enlarged. 9, peduncle and raceme, much enlarged. .LEPANTH0PSIS Jtory.>t 359 360 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 with a spreading hispid mouth. Leaf erect, suborbicular-oval to elliptic-oblong, obtuse to broadly rounded at the apex, very shortly petioled, 1.5-3.9 cm. long, up to 1.2 cm. wide. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, one to several, filiform, up to 10 cm. long, racemose above; raceme densely many-flowered, up to 2.5 cm. long, with secund or unilateral flowers. Flowers very small, membranaceous, white or pale yellow. Sepals horizontally spreading. Dorsal sepal ovate, narrowed to an acute or obtuse apex, about 2-3 mm. long. Lateral sepals connate into an oblong- subquadrate lamina which is bidentate at the apex, somewhat longer than the dor- sal sepal and either slightly narrower or broader. Petals many times smaller than the sepals, suborbicular-ovate, rounded to subacute at the apex. Lip similar to the petals but larger, suborbicular or round-ovate, broadly rounded at the apex, about 1 mm. long and wide. Column minute, broad, dilated above, with widely sepa- rated stigmas. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Sachayocc, 1800 meters, epiphytic, Vargas 6297. Also Honduras, Costa Rica, Colombia (fide Schlechter), Venezuela (type of Pleurothallis floripecten) and Brazil (type of Le- panthes secunda and Pleurothallis unilateralis). BRACHIONIDIUM Lindl. A small genus of inconspicuous, commonly epiphytic orchids ex- tending from Costa Rica, the West Indies and northern South America southward to Bolivia and perhaps Brazil. Plants small, with an elongate, often branching primary stem or rhizome. Secondary stems approximate to remote, abbreviated, concealed by 2 or more imbricating, tubular, scarious sheaths, 1-leaved at the apex. Leaf shortly petioled; lamina elliptic, oblong-elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-ovate. Peduncle 1-flow- ered, equaling to much surpassing (rarely shorter than) the subtending leaf, fili- form, commonly provided near the middle with a tubular or infundibuliform sheath. Flower small to rather large. Perianth parts spreading. Sepals abruptly acumi- nate to attenuate or caudate, the lateral ones being entirely or mostly connate. Petals similar to the sepals, but smaller. Lip very small, usually sessile, simple to 3-lobed, often transverse. Column abbreviated, footless, with an apical pair of sharp teeth or arms. Pollinia 6, slenderly oblong-pyriform. Brachionidium serratum Schltr. Fedde Repert. 9: 164. 1911. Plant epiphytic, very small, with a more or less elongate, creeping, primary stem which is concealed by close sheaths. Secondary stems abbreviated, 1-leaved, scarcely 5 mm. long. Leaf elliptic, erect, subobtuse with an unequally bilobulate apex, 7-16 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Peduncles terminal, filiform, 1-flowered, commonly naked. Flower becoming purple, soon nodding. Dorsal sepal ovate- lanceolate, apiculate, unicarinate on the back, 8 mm. long and half as wide. Lat- eral sepals entirely connate into an ovate, subobtuse lamina which is a little longer and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, densely serrate, subequaling the dorsal sepal. Lip from a quadrate-unguiculate base broadly rhombic, shortly apiculate, the sides obtuse-angled, adorned in the mid- SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 361 die with a rounded callus, about 3.5 mm. long and broad. Column short, 2-armed above. Anther cucullate-cordate; pollinia 6, obliquely clavate. Peru: Near Cochabamba, Filomeno s.n. OCTOMERIA R. Br. A rather small genus of epiphytes confined to the American tropics, with usu- ally abbreviated, rarely long-creeping, rhizomes. Stems more or less elongate, monophyllous at the apex, concealed by one or more tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, sessile or short-petioled, oblong-elliptic to linear or subterete. Inflores- cences abbreviated, fascicled, 1-flowered, 1 to numerous. Flowers small to medium- sized, campanulate to urceolate. Sepals and petals subequal or the latter a little shorter, commonly free. Lip much shorter than the other segments, commonly with a pair of small lateral lobes below the middle. Column much shorter than the petals, wingless, provided with a short foot. Pollinia 8, four in each chamber of the 2-celled anther. Plants having a close outward appearance to some species of Pleurothallis, but readily distinguished by having 8 pollinia, rather than 2 or 4. Moreover, this genus differs from most species of Pleu- rothallis by having the petals subequal to the sepals. Al. Leaves triquetrous-subulate to subterete; lateral lobes of the lip long and narrow I A2. Leaves flat, linear to narrowly elliptic; lateral lobes of the lip short and broad 1 la. Stems terete or subterete; mid-lobe of the lip 3-lobed, retuse . . .O. scirpoidea Ib. Stems complanate; mid-lobe of the lip simple, not retuse O. complanata la. Flowers relatively large, sepals 12 mm. or more long; leaves usually not thickly fleshy, but more or less coriaceous 2 Ib. Flowers relatively small, sepals 9.8 mm. or less long; leaves thickly fleshy. .3 2a. Sepals lanceolate-oblong; lip not prominently auriculate at the base; leaves 15.7 cm. or less long O. boliviensis 2b. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate; lip rather prominently auriculate at the base; leaves up to 27.6 cm. long including the petiole O. boliviensis var. grandifolia 3a. Lateral sepals connate to about the middle; mid-lobe of the lip subquadrate- ovate O. semiconnata 3b. Lateral sepals free or nearly so; mid-lobe of the lip not subquadrate-ovate . . 4 4a. Leaves dull on the upper surface; lateral lobes of the lip near the middle, broadly falcate-oblong and porrect; mid-lobe rhombic-obovate. O. surinamensis 4b. Leaves shining on the upper surface; lateral lobes of the lip near the base, rounded-auriculate and spreading; mid-lobe ovate or ovate-oblong. O. erosilabia Octomeria boliviensis Rolfe, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 452. 1907. Plant medium-sized, with a creeping rhizome. Stems subremote, ascending from a decumbent base, slender or rather stout, 4- to 5-jointed, up to 20 cm. long, 362 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 mostly concealed by 5 to 6 evanescent, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect or suberect, short-petioled; lamina lanceolate-oblong to oblong-elliptic, more or less narrowed above to an obtuse apex, cuneate at the base, 7-14 cm. long, 9-19 mm. wide; petiole slender, up to 1.7 cm. long. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, several in a cluster. Flowers relatively large, membranaceous, white. Dorsal sepal lanceolate- oblong, acute, concave at the base, about 13 mm. long. Lateral sepals free, sim- ilar to the dorsal sepal but a little shorter and broader. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but a little smaller. Lip more than half as long as the dorsal sepal, elliptic- oblong in outline, pandurate, sharply 3-lobed in the middle, truncate at the base, about 7.5 mm. long; lateral lobes small, rounded, porrect; mid-lobe much larger, rhombic-ovate, broadly truncate in front, with erose margins; disc with a pair of short keels extending from the center of the lateral lobes to the base of the mid- lobe. Column slender, about one third as long as the dorsal sepal, with a short foot. Jimin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1600 meters, Schunke 1645. Bolivia (type). Octomeria boliviensis Rolfe var. grandifolia C. Schweinf . Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 194. 1942. Plant variable. Stems approximate to subremote, 7.5-42.3 cm. long. Leaf short-petioled; lamina elliptic-linear to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 11.5-26.4 cm. long, up to 3.7 cm. wide. Flowers slightly smaller than those of the type, cream- color, yellow and dark red or violet. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate, all similar, about 12 mm. long. Petals similar to the sepals but slightly smaller, somewhat oblique. Lip about 7 mm. long, sharply 3-lobed in the middle; lower portion pandurate with a more or less auriculate base; lateral lobes erect, small, obliquely semiovate, rounded at the apex, somewhat narrower than those of the type; mid-lobe rhombic- ovate, more or less sharply 3-lobulate at the truncate apex; disc with a pair of keels similar to those of the type. Loreto: Pumayacu, between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600- 1200 meters, epiphyte in forest, Klug 0.15 (type). San Martin: Zepe- lacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, in mountain forest, Klug 3637. Octomeria complanata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 195, t. 24. 1942. Figure 69. Plant small, caespitose. Stems numerous, crowded, slender, complanate, mono- phyllous, up to 8.5 cm. long, with several tubular, imbricating, evanescent sheaths near the base. Leaf triquetrous-subulate, appearing like a continuation of the stem, more or less arcuate in the dried specimen, up to 4 cm. long. Inflorescences abbreviated, apparently 1-flowered, several in a cluster. Flowers small, membra- naceous, brown-red. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, acute, concave, up to 5.3 mm. long. Lateral sepals narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, navicular, subacute, somewhat longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, shorter than the sepals. Lip nearly three times shorter than the lateral sepals, about 2.1 mm. long, with the sides of the lower portion incurved in natural position, deeply 3-lobed at the base, OCTOMEJUA comjoanaia FIG. 69. Octomeria complanata C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower and ovary from side; X 5. 3, flower from above, expanded; X 5. 4, lip from above, expanded; X 10. 5, column and lip from side; X 10. 363 364 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 oblong-ovate in outline when expanded, rounded at the apex, broadly rounded at the base; lateral lobes very small, falcate, narrowly triangular-lanceolate; mid-lobe many times larger, ovate, with the margins more or less irregular; disc with a pair of short keels near the base. Column slender, arcuate, dilated below, shorter than the lip, extended into a stout foot. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 471. Octomeria erosilabia C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 3: 85. 1935. Plant medium-sized to large, with a creeping rhizome. Stems generally with a decumbent base, 9-19 cm. high, 4-angled in the dried plant, 3- to 5-jointed, pro- vided with several (up to 5) tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, subsessile to short-petioled; lamina rigid, thickly coriaceous, shining, oblong-linear or elliptic- linear, acute to subacute, with revolute margins, 10-17 cm. long (the longest blade incomplete at the apex in our specimen), 10-12 mm. wide. Inflorescences abbrevi- ated, 1-flowered, very numerous, capitate. Flowers small, apparently subfleshy, creamy white to yellow. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acuminate, 6-6.7 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, free, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly longer and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but smaller, lightly oblique. Lip about half as long as the sepals, 3-lobed near the base with the lateral lobes erect in natural position, oblong-ovate in outline when expanded, broadly cuneate at the base, about 3 mm. long; lateral lobes very small, rounded-auriculate; mid- lobe much larger, ovate or oblong-ovate, broadly truncate and more or less sharply tri dentate in front, with denticulate-erose margins; disc with a pair of short, fleshy keels extending from the middle of the lateral lobes to the lower part of the mid- lobe. Column minute, stout, about 1.3 mm. long, with a short foot. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte in forest, Klug 1192. British Guiana (type). Octomeria scirpoidea (Poepp. & Endl.) Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 856. 1852; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 644. 1896. Aspegrenia scirpoidea Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 12, t. 116. 1838. Plant medium-sized, with a short, stout, creeping rhizome. Stems caespitose, numerous, slender, subterete, not thickened above, 8-17 cm. tall, 3- to 4-jointed, provided with several close, tubular, evanescent sheaths. Leaf small, erect or arcu- ate, linear-subulate, subcylindric, very acute, sessile, fleshy, deeply channelled, 5-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered. Flowers small, membranaceous, lemon-yellow, successive. Dorsal sepal narrowly linear- lanceolate, sharply acute, concave, about 6 mm. long. Lateral sepals very similar, free. Petals linear, acuminate, about as long as the sepals, suboblique. Lip shorter than the sepals, ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed near the base, rose-colored, 4-4.5 mm. long; lateral lobes rather long, falcate-subulate, very acute, erect; mid-lobe many times larger, obovate, 3-lobulate above, strongly constricted below, retuse at the apex, bicarinate near the base. Column very short and slender, 1.5 mm. long, with a 3-lobed clinandrium. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 365 Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), on trees, Poeppigl581 (type). Loreto: Near Tocache, at the Mision de los Cholones, Poeppig s.n. Octomeria semiconnata C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 21: 398, t., 1952. Figure 70. Plant small and insignificant, caespitose, with a rather abbreviated, creeping rhizome. Stems approximate, up to 8 cm. long, entirely invested by several (up to 6) tubular, imbricating, evanescent sheaths. Leaf erect, linear, very fleshy, acute or obtuse and apiculate, gradually narrowed to a sessile, channelled base, up to 7.9 cm. long and 4.5 mm. wide (when freshly boiled). Inflorescences 1-flow- ered, axillary, fascicled. Flowers small, membranaceous, cupuliform, yellow with a red spot. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, up to 5.8 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but slightly shorter, connate to about the middle, lightly oblique. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, acute, rather shorter and very slightly narrower than the sepals. Lip much smaller than the other segments, prominently 3-lobed below the middle, with erect-incurved lateral lobes, up to about 2.9 mm. long and 2 mm. wide across the middle when expanded, truncate and apiculate in front; basal portion subquad- rate or cuneate-subquadrate; lateral lobes small, auriculiform, erect; mid-lobe much larger, subquadrate-ovate; disc with a pair of short fleshy keels near the middle and a fleshy mid-nerve toward the apex beneath. Column very small, arcuate, about 1.5 mm. high, produced into a broad foot. San Martin: Tingo Maria, in a deep ravine far up on ridge east of Tingo Maria, about 860 meters, in dense jungle, Allard 21398 (type), 20732. Octomeria surinamensis Focke, Tijdschr. Natuur. Wet. 2: 200. 1849; Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 195. 1861; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 616. 1896. Plant small to medium-sized, with a stout, creeping rhizome (not always obvi- ous in the dried specimens). Stems apparently approximate, numerous, erect or ascending, from a slender terete base gradually dilated and laterally flattened toward the apex, usually 3- to 4-jointed, concealed by several tubular, evanescent sheaths, more or less longitudinally sulcate in the dried specimen, 3-10 cm. long. Leaf erect, thickly fleshy, commonly more or less petioled, linear to elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, cuneate at the base, 5.6-14 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. wide, dull on the upper surface. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, several in a cluster. Flowers small, membranaceous, yellowish white to yellow. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, concave, 5.8-9.8 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, lightly oblique, acute or acuminate. Petals obliquely oblong-lanceolate (rarely ovate-lanceolate), acuminate, somewhat shorter than the sepals. Lip shorter than the petals, 3.8-5.2 mm. long, sharply 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes erect in natural position; lower portion subquadrate, lightly cordate on each side at the base; lateral lobes below the middle, small, broadly falcate-semiovate, obtuse; terminal lobe much larger, rhombic-obovate, abruptly truncate in front with a trilobulate or tridentate apex (the middle tooth consisting of a mucro), more or less denticulate; disc with a pair of short keels OCTOMERJA FIG. 70. Octomeria semiconnata C. Schweinf. 1, habit; X 1. 2, flower with lip removed, expanded; X 5. 3, lip from above; X 10. 4, column and lip, oblique view from side; X 10. 366 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 367 extending from the center of the lateral lobes to the lower part of the terminal lobe. Column half as long as the sepals or less, slender, arcuate, with a prominent foot. Loreto: Region of the Maranon River from Iquitos up toward the mouth of the Santiago at the Pongo de Manseriche, 160 meters, about 77 30' west, epiphyte in rain-forest, Tessmann 4147. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte, flowers golden-yellow and red-orange, Klug 10105. Same locality and altitude, flowers light yellow, Klug 10133. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 503. Also Surinam (type). VARGASIELLA C. Schweinf. A very small genus at the present time recorded only from Peru and Vene- zuela. Plant medium-sized to large, terrestrial or epiphytic. Stem elongate, many- jointed, decumbent and rhizomatose below, often with one or few strict, short branches near the middle. Leaves several, distichous, on the upper portion of the stem, more or less elliptic, articulated. Inflorescence subterminal or axillary, laxly racemose. Sepals oblong-ovate or lanceolate-oblong, similar. Petals similar to the sepals or broader. Lip simple, articulated to the column-foot, arcuate-recurved. Column rather short, stout, produced into a short foot. Anther small, galeate, 1-celled. Pollinia 4. Vargasiella peruviana C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 150, t. 47. 1952. Frontispiece. Plant slender, medium-sized. Stem elongate, many-jointed, decumbent and rhizomatose below. Leaves several, distichous, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, con- volute, acuminate, sessile or indistinctly petioled at the cuneate base, articulated to close, tubular sheaths, up to 13.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence much surpassing the leaves, arising from the axil of an upper leaf, racemose above, up to about 33.5 cm. long, with the peduncle about 21.4 cm. long. Flowers medium- sized, subfleshy, white and pink. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, acute or mucronate, about 1.32 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar but slightly larger. Petals elliptic- ovate, similar to the sepals but slightly smaller. Lip simple, arcuate-recurved with erect sides in natural position; lamina with strongly undulate margins, ovate- oblong when forcibly expanded, rounded and acute or apiculate at the tip, with a pair of fleshy callose thickenings in the lower half, about 1 cm. long and 6 mm. wide. Column stout, arcuate, about 7 mm. high at the back, with a short, fleshy foot. Pollinia 4, in two unequal pairs. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, hills of Pintobamba, about 2400 meters, in forest humus, Vargas 3288 (type). Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, 3400 meters, epiphyte in rain-forest, Vargas 3010. MALAX IS Soland. ex Sw. (Microstylis Nutt. ex Lindl.) A large and cosmopolitan genus of terrestrial (sometimes epiphytic), mostly inconspicuous plants, with or usually without a creeping rhizome. Stems mostly 368 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 bulbous-thickened at the base, with one or several leaves. Leaves membranaceous, contracted below into a long-sheathing petiole. Flowers small to minute, disposed in an elongate spike or a contracted, subumbellate raceme. Sepals free or the lat- eral ones more or less connate below, subequal, spreading. Petals usually narrower than the sepals, often filiform. Lip sessile, entire or 2- to 3-lobed, commonly deeply concave near the base, broadly rounded to apiculate or many-toothed at the apex, often ciliate. Column very short. Al. Raceme or spike elongate I A2. Raceme contracted or subumbellate, rarely ovoid 1 la. Plant with 4 or more leaves; lip without a terminal lobe or apicule, finely erose or ciliolate M. liparidioides Ib. Plant with 1 leaf; lip with a conspicuous terminal lobe or apicule. M. carnosa (Microstylis calycina) la. Base of the lip sagittate, or with prominent angles or uncinate protuberances. .2 Ib. Base of the lip not sagittate and without prominent basal angles 4 2a. Apex of the lip 3-toothed, relatively broad. M. excavata (Microstylis hastilabia) 2b. Apex of the lip simple, acuminate 3 3a. Plant with a long-creeping rhizome; stems without a conspicuous tubular swelling at the base; leaves near the inflorescence M. ventricosa 3b. Plant without a creeping rhizome; stems with a conspicuous tubular swelling at the base; leaves subradical, below the middle of the stem . . . .M. rupestris 4a. Lip obtuse to broadly rounded at the apex M. Parthonii 4b. Lip abruptly acute, or apiculate to rostrate 5 5a. Apex of the lip with a more or less elongate and thickened, sometimes up- curved, rostrum M . fasligiata 5b. Apex of the lip with a short, blunt, unthickened apicule 6 6a. Plant 33 cm. or less tall; leaves elliptic to round-oval, obtuse to subacute, up to 6 cm. long and 3.7 cm. wide; flowers small, sepals about 3 mm. long, lip about 2.3 mm. long M. termensis 6b. Plant about 43 cm. tall; leaves broadly ovate, acute, up to 9 cm. long and 6.1 cm. wide; flowers very small, sepals about 2.3 mm. long, lip about 1.7 mm. long M. termensis var. elata Malaxis carnosa (HBK.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 32. 1941. Stdis carnosa HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 362. 1816. Dienia calycina Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 23 (1830). Ophrys monophyllos Pav. ex Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 23 (1830), in synon. Microstylis calycina Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. 24: 331. 1888. Serapias parasitica Pav. ex Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. 24: 331. 1888, in synon. Malaxis calycina 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 673. 1891. Plant slender, variable, up to about 55 cm. tall, with a bulbous-thickened base. Stem slender, concealed below by 2 or 3 tubular, imbricating sheaths of which the uppermost consists of the sheathing petiole of the leaf. Leaf solitary, apparently sessile but with a long sheathing base, elliptic-oblong to oval, subacute to broadly rounded above, up to 10 cm. long and 3.7 cm. wide, apparently erect and often SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 369 clasping the stem. Spike very slender, many-flowered, dense but becoming loose in course of development, up to about 26 cm. long. Flowers very small, yellow or greenish yellow. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate to suborbicular, subacute to obtuse, about 2 mm. or less long. Lateral sepals a little smaller, obliquely ovate, sub- acute to obtuse, connate near the base. Petals smaller than the sepals, narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to ovate- or rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse to trun- cate at the apex, recurved. Lip much shorter than the sepals and petals, about 1.3 mm. long and slightly wider, transversely round-oval to reniform, concave, with a median lobule or apicule which is small, oblong-ovate to ovate and sub- a"cute to rounded at the apex. Column minute. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Pavdn s.n., fide Ridley, Journ. Linn. Soc. 24: 331. 1888. Prov. of Jaen de Bracamoros near Sondorillo and Mandor Rock, about 1800 meters, Bonpland s.n. (type of Stelis carnosa) . Also Mexico (type of Dienia calycina) to Costa Rica. Malaxis excavata (Lindl.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 673. 1891. Microstylis excavata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24, Misc. 51, no. 93. 1838. Microstylis hastilabia Reichb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.-Am. 101. 1866; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 283, t. 68, fig. 2 (erroneous draw- ings). 1895. Malaxis hastilabia 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 673. 1891. Plant slender, variable, up to about 42 cm. high, more or less bulbous-thickened at the base. Stem with the lower portion (usually about one half the entire length) concealed by several tubular, imbricating sheaths of which the uppermost is much the longest and leaf-bearing at the summit. Leaves 2, subopposite, appearing ses- sile but with a long-sheathing petiole, ovate (rarely ovate-lanceolate), acute or acuminate, spreading, up to 13 cm. long and 8 cm. wide. Raceme abbreviated, subumbellate, very densely many-flowered, with the rachis up to 2 cm. long. Flowers very small, long-pedicelled, spreading, white, green or yellowish. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong to broadly ovate, with revolute sides, obtuse to subacute, 3-4.1 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, rather smaller, lightly oblique. Petals narrowly linear to filiform, recurved or circinate, obtuse, shorter than the sepals. Lip slightly shorter than the sepals, triangular-ovate in outline with prominent retrorse, triangular or uncinate auricles, up to 3.2 mm. long, 3-toothed at the apex (usually with the central tooth the longest); lamina mostly concave, the hollow divided into a pair of compartments. Column minute. Huancavelica: Prov. of Tayacaja, quebrada south of Salcabamba, 3300 meters, in moist humus of deep shaded ravine, Stork & Norton 10283. Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero), in woods, Poeppig s.n. Also Mexico (type of M. excavata) to Costa Rica (type of M. hasti- labia}, Panama and Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia and Argen- tina. Malaxis fastigiata (Reichb. f.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 673. 1891. Microstylis fastigiata Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 834. 1849; Ridl. 370 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Journ. Linn. Soc. 24: 326. 1888. Ophrys ensifolia Pav. Mss. ex Ridl., I.e., in synon. Plant terrestrial, very variable, up to about 45 cm. high, with a bulbous-thick- ened base. Stem concealed below by 2 or 3 tubular, imbricating sheaths of which the uppermost is leaf-bearing. Leaves 1 or 2, subopposite or distinctly separated, ovate-oblong or oval to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, lightly cordate to cuneate at the base, up to 10 (rarely 13) cm. long and 5 (rarely 6.8) cm. wide. Raceme abbreviated, subumbellate, at the summit of a long naked peduncle, many- flowered, the rachis rarely up to 3.5 cm. long. Flowers very small, long-pedicelled, spreading, green to yellowish orange. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong or ovate- oblong, obtuse, with revolute margins, up to 4 (rarely 4.5) mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, commonly slightly longer and wider, somewhat oblique. Petals linear to linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the sepals. Lip lanceolate-ovate, acuminate to more or less abruptly rostrate with a thickened apical portion, rounded to truncate at the base, with a large, more or less 2-chambered excavation through the lower half bordered by a fleshy ridge, about 3-3.8 mm. long. Column minute, stout. Cuzco: Habitat unrecorded, Mercedes, 900 meters, Bues s.n., 4- Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, on open grass slope, Vargas 2526. Quebrada de Oropeza, Hacienda Quispicanchi, 3600 meters, Herrera 2587, fide Herrera, Sin. Fl. Cuzco 1: 194. 1941. Huanuco: Between Huanuco and Pampayaco (Pam- payacu), Kanehira 314- Junin: Schunke Hacienda, above San Ra- mon, 1400-1700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24857. (This collection has only passe flowers.) A widespread and variable species extending from Mexico (type), Guatemala and Hon- duras to Colombia (fide Ridley) and Bolivia. Malaxis liparidioides (Finet) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 9: 128. 1941. Microstylis liparidioides Finet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 333, t. 10, figs. 1-10. 1908. Plant medium-sized, up to about 32 cm. high from the long-creeping and root- ing rhizome. Stem erect from a decumbent, densely leafy base. Leaves about 4-13, clustered near the base, with the gradually narrowed, subpetioled bases im- bricating below; lamina elliptic-lanceolate (often narrowly so), obtuse, up to 7 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide. Inflorescence up to 27.5 cm. long; peduncle about 3-7 cm. long; raceme slender, elongate, laxly many-flowered, often nodding or arcuate above, up to about 20 cm. long. Floral bracts triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, about equaling the slender pedicellate ovary. Flowers very small, spreading, mem- branaceous. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, up to 4 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblique, reflexed. Petals linear or lanceolate- linear, slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip sessile, simple, elliptic-ovate or oval- ovate, acute, with the margins densely ciliolate or "minutely erose," about 4 mm. long in the middle and 3.3 mm. wide, rounded at the base without distinct auricles; disc with a small, fleshy, cordate callus at the base consisting of 2 confluent arms surrounding the column. Column minute. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 371 Ecuador and Peru: Without locality, 1872 [Grisar] (type). Also Colombia (flowers noted as green with a white lip) . This concept may prove to be referable to Malaxis caulescens (Lindl.) 0. Ktze., but the obtuse leaves and simple ciliolate lip ap- pear distinctive. Malaxis Parthonii Morr. Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 5: 485. 1838. Microstylis Parthonii Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 206. 1861; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 282. 1895. Plant rather stout, with a bulbous-thickened base, up to about 58 cm. tall, variable. Lower part of the stem (below the leaves) concealed by several loose, tubular, imbricating sheaths of which the uppermost ones are much the longest and leaf -bearing. Leaves 2, commonly near the middle of the stem or below, sub- opposite; lamina ovate to oval or orbicular-ovate, up to 22 cm. long and 12 cm. wide, abruptly acute to acuminate, spreading, apparently sessile to subsessile but with long petioles that sheath the stem. Inflorescences more or less surpassing the leaves, up to 38 cm. long with the raceme abbreviated, subumbellate and densely many-flowered, the rachis up to about 2 cm. long in course of development. Flowers small, green or greenish brown, often with a yellowish lip, on long spreading pedi- cels. Sepals usually with revolute sides. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong or ovate- oblong, obtuse to subacute, up to 4 (rarely 6) mm. long. Lateral sepals a little shorter than the dorsal sepal, semioval to obliquely round-ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, often more or less connate and forming a suborbicular lamina. Petals lan- ceolate-linear to filiform, recurved or circinate, shorter than the sepals. Lip broadly ovate to suborbicular or even reniform-oval, broadly obtuse to rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, more or less concave near the base, about 2-5 mm. long and 2.3-7.4 mm. wide. Column minute. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke s.n. Loreto (ex Cogniaux), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 133. 1921. San Martin: Tarapoto, 750 meters, in forest, Williams 6005. Also Mexico to Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil (type). Malaxis rupestris (Poepp. & Endl.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. pt. 2: 673. 1891. Microstylis rupestris Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 8, t. 111. 1837; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 280. 1895. Plant rather slender, up to 35 cm. tall, arising from a small, ovoid, sheathed pseudobulb. Stem erect, 2-leaved near the base, naked from the leaves up to the raceme. Leaves subopposite, either subequal or very unequal, elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate, acute, up to 7 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, erect-spreading, apparently sessile but abruptly contracted at the base into a long sheathing tubular petiole. Raceme abbreviated, subumbellate, densely many-flowered, with the rachis up to about 1 cm. long. Pedicels erect-spreading, elongate. Flowers very small, yellow- ish. Sepals subequally long, spreading. Dorsal sepal oblong-ligulate, obtuse, with revolute sides, about 3 mm. long. Lateral sepals ovate-oblong, lightly oblique, subacute, free, diverging, somewhat broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals lanceo- 372 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 late-linear to filiform, acute, recurved in course of development, about as long as the sepals. Lip broadly ovate-cordate, deeply concave, acuminate, sagittate at the base with small, reflexed, triangular auricles, about 2.5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. Column minute, dilated below, surrounded by the sides of the concave lip. Huanuco: Near the town of Cassapi (Casapi), on very warm cal- careous cliff s, Poeppig 1656 (type). Also Venezuela. This description was chiefly drawn from Cogniaux' treatment. Malaxis termensis (Kranzl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 10: 33. 1941. Microstylis termensis Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1:91. 1905. Plant up to about 33 cm. tall (very variable in size), arising from a bulb or a bulbous-thickened base. Lower part of the stem (below the leaves) concealed by 2 or 3 loose, tubular, imbricating sheaths of which the upper are leaf-bearing. Leaves single or 2 and subopposite, near the base of the plant or at least below the middle, elliptic to round-oval, acute to obtuse, up to about 6 cm. long and 3.7 cm. wide, more or less convolute around the stem when young, apparently sessile but with an abrupt, long-sheathing petiole. Inflorescence more or less elongate, ter- minated by an abbreviated, subumbellate, densely many-flowered raceme, with the rachis up to about 2 cm. long in course of development. Pedicels elongate, spread- ing. Flowers very small, green or yellowish. Sepals with revolute sides. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtuse, about 3 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblique, broadly obtuse. Petals linear to filiform, recurved, much shorter than the sepals. Lip very broadly ovate, with the lower portion deeply concave and more or less 2-chambered, terminating in a more or less distinct, short, blunt apicule, rounded to subtruncate at the base, 1.5-2.3 mm. long and subequally wide when expanded. Column very short, surrounded by the concave lip. Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, terrestrial in open woods, Killip & Smith 22536. Cuzco: About Acomayo, 3050 meters, on natural fences of Fourcroya, Var- gas 243. Apurimac Valley, Herrera 3076a. Valle del Urubamba, Ollantaitambo, 2800 meters, Herrera 34-58. Huanuco: Mito, about 3000 meters, on steep grassy slope, Macbride 3419. Junin: Prov. of Tarma ("Terma"), 2700-3000 meters, on mountains east of Palca, in steppe land with numerous small grasses and scattering shrubs, Weber- bauer 2453 (type). La Libertad: Prov. of Trujillo, Cerro Cabras, 500 meters, Lopez 04?4> Malaxis termensis (Kranzl.) C. Schweinf. var. elata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 16: 10. 1953. Plant taller than the type, apparently with a creeping rhizome. Stems about 43 cm. high, only slightly thickened below. Leaves 2, subopposite, broadly ovate, acute, about 9 cm. long, up to 6.1 cm. wide, about 14-16.5 cm. above the base. Raceme subumbellate, many-flowered. Flowers very small, greenish. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, about 2.3 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-ovate, SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 373 subequally long but slightly broader than the dorsal sepal. Lip suborbicular- ovate, similar to that of the type, about 1.7 mm. long and slightly broader. Amazonas: Prov. of Bongara, Pomocochas, about 2400 meters, terrestrial in ridge forests above Quebrada Santa Rosa, northeast across Lake Pomocochas, Hodge 6152. Malaxis ventricosa (Poepp. & Endl.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 673. 1891. Microstylis ventricosa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 9. 1837; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 281. 1895. Plant with a long creeping rhizome bearing many stems, up to about 45 cm. tall. Stems elongate, rather robust, arising as ascending branches of the rhizome, the lower portion enclosed in a loose sheath which is clavate below. Leaves 2, sub- opposite, much above the middle of the stem, widely spreading, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, up to 13 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide, rounded at the base where abruptly contracted into a sheathing petiole, much longer than the naked peduncle. Raceme abbreviated, ovoid, densely many-flowered, with the thickened rachis up to about 1.5 cm. long. Flowers very small, on elongate, spread- ing pedicels. Dorsal sepal oblong-ligulate, obtuse, with revolute sides. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-oblong, subacute, spreading. Petals subfiliform, at length recurved. Lip subrounded or broadly ovate-cordate, deeply concave (hemispheric), with an acuminate, reflexed apex, sagittate at the base. Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Cochero), in deep woods, Poeppig 1745 (type). Also Venezuela, fide Cogn. I.e. This description was drawn chiefly from Cogniaux' treatment. LIPARIS L. C. Rich. A large cosmopolitan genus, either terrestrial or epiphytic, with erect, solitary or caespitose (rarely remote) stems, often bulbous-thickened at the base, or with long-creeping rhizomes. Leaves solitary to numerous, alternate or sometimes in pairs, approximate or distant, broadly round-ovate or broadly elliptic to lanceolate or linear-oblong, often more or less distinctly petioled with a sheathing base. Inflo- rescence a peduncled raceme which is lax or dense, few- or many-flowered. Flowers varying from minute to medium-sized, white or greenish through yellow and red to purple. Sepals free, commonly with revolute margins, rather broad to narrow. Petals narrower than the sepals, often filiform. Lip articulated to the footless col- umn, generally ascending near the base and then reflexed-spreading, or spreading from the base, either simple and often retuse or bifid, or rarely somewhat 3-lobed or laciniate. Column usually slender and relatively elongate, arcuate, often thick- ened at the base and shallowly 2-winged at the apex. Al. Plants without distinct, distichously leafed stems or elongate rhizomes. . . .1 A2. Plants with distinct, distichously leafed stems or with elongate rhizomes. .1 la. Leaf solitary; lip ovate to oblong-ovate L. vexillifera Ib. Leaves several, congested; lip cuneate-obovate or flabellate, retuse to bilobed . . . . L. data 374 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 la. Leaves 4 or more, distichous on leafy stems 2 Ib. Leaves solitary or in remote pairs; plants with elongate rhizomes 3 2a. Lip ovate-rhombic, acute or acuminate, longer than broad; leaves crisped. L. crispifolia 2b. Lip cuneate-flabellate, lightly retuse and bluntly mucronate, markedly shorter than broad; leaves mostly flat L. laticuneata 3a. Leaf solitary, deeply cordate and clasping at the base. L. retusa (L. neuroglossa) 3b. Leaves in remote pairs, broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base 4 4a. Lip much broader than long, cuneate-renif orm L. elegantula (L. Millet) 4b. Lip longer than broad, subquadrate or broadly obovate to oval-oblong. . . .5 5a. Flowers relatively small; lip 7-9 mm. long, rounded or subcordate near the base L. ramosa 5b. Flowers relatively large; lip 11-14 mm. long, cuneate-narrowed below. L. ramosa var. Rusbyi (L. Rusbyi) Liparis crispifolia Reichb. f. Linnaea 41: 43. 1876; Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. 22: 280. 1886. Leptorchis crispifolia 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL pt. 2: 671. 1891. Stem creeping with an ascending apex. Leaves about 4, distant, alternate, petioled; lamina cordate-ovate, acute or subacute, crisped, up to 5 cm. long and 3.7 cm. wide (according to Ridley) ; petioles distinct, sheathing at the base. Inflo- rescence about 7.5 cm. long, loosely racemose above, several-flowered, erect. Flowers large for the genus, showy. Parts of the perianth spreading, about 1.4 cm. long. Sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals linear. Lip ovate-rhombic, acute or acuminate, dark purple, about 1.6 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. Column much shorter than the lip, slender, arcuate, with short, obtuse wings. Cajamarca(?), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 133. 1921. Also Ecuador (type) and Venezuela(?). I have examined a drawing of the type from the Reichenbach Herbarium. Liparis elata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 14: t. 1175. 1828; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 286. 1895. Figure 71. Plant terrestrial, glabrous, erect, very variable, 13 up to about 62 cm. high. Stem short, more or less bulbous-thickened at the base, entirely invested by imbri- cating sheaths. Leaves several, spreading, basal or near the base, rosulate, convolute, elliptic-lanceolate to oval, acute or acuminate, narrowed to sheathing, imbricated bases, up to about 30 cm. long and 11 cm. wide. Inflorescence 7-55 cm. long, with a long peduncle which is naked or provided with few distant, bract-like sheaths. Raceme more or less elongate, about 3-25 cm. long, loose, several- to many-flow- FIG. 71. Liparis elata Lindl. 1, plant; X % 2, inflorescence; X 1M- 3, flower, front view; X 5. 4, flower, side view; X 5. 5, petal; X 5. 6, lateral sepal; X 5. 7, pollinia, enlarged. Original drawing by Blanche Ames. 375 376 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 ered. Flowers small, long-pedicelled, white, greenish, yellowish or reddish to lavender or purple. Perianth-parts spreading. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong or elliptic- oblong with revolute sides, obtuse (rarely subacute), 6-7 (rarely 8.2) mm. long. Lateral sepals shorter and broader, obliquely oblong-elliptic (semioval) or ovate- oblong, revolute above, obtuse or subacute. Petals narrowly oblong to linear (rarely linear-oblanceolate), more or less oblique, with revolute sides, shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip subfleshy, cuneate-obovate or flabellate, retuse or bilobed and more or less apiculate, ascending at the base, reflexed-spreading above, pro- vided near the base with a bilobed callus having spreading lobules, 4-6 mm. long, 3.6-5.6 mm. wide. Column somewhat shorter than the lip, arcuate, winged above. Amazonas: Prov. of Chachapoyas, near Sesugu, Mathews 3192. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, on open grass slope, perianth yellow, Vargas 2542. Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero) and Pampayaco (Pampayacu), in rather open woods, Poeppig 1453. San Martin: San Roque, 1350-1500 me- ters, in forest, Williams 7012. Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200- 1600 meters, in mountain forest, Klug 3414- Also Florida, Mexico to Panama, the West Indies, and Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil (type) to Bolivia and Paraguay. Liparis elegantula Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 382. 1906; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 10: 33. 1941. Liparis Millei Schltr. Fedde Repert. 15: 53. 1917. Stem long-creeping, consisting of long sections or branches bearing at the ends clusters of two leaves. Leaves abruptly petioled; lamina round-ovate to triangular- ovate (rarely broadly elliptic), acute to obtuse, truncate to subcordate (rarely rounded) at the base, up to 4 cm. long and 3.6 cm. wide; petiole channelled, sheath- ing at the base, up to 2.5 cm. long. Inflorescence axillary, up to about 12 cm. long, with the naked peduncle sheathed below by one of the petioles. Racemes loosely several- to many-flowered, up to about 4 cm. long. Flowers medium-sized, white, streaked with rose or maroon. Perianth-parts spreading. Sepals and petals with revolute margins. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 5-6 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but a little shorter, obtuse. Petals linear or lanceolate-linear. Lip from a cuneate base transversely oblong or cuneate reniform, prominently retuse and apiculate, irregularly erose-denticulate on the rounded sides, with a minute bilobed, forcipate callus at the base, up to about 4.75 mm. long and 7.5 mm. wide in front. Column about one half as long as the lip, arcuate, slender. Amazonas: Prov. of Bongara, Pomocochas, 2400 meters, terres- trial in rain-forest, on ridges near Chido Quebrada, southwest of village, Hodge 6138. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, mountains west of Hua- capistana, 2700 meters, in low, open, moist woods mingled with shrubs, often enveloped in cloud, Weberbauer 2289 (type of L. elegantula). Also Ecuador (type of L. Millei). SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 377 Liparis laticuneata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 104, t. 34. 1951. Figure 72. Plant medium-sized, decumbent, with a stout, long-creeping rhizome bearing very scattered fibrous roots and leaves. Stem a gradual continuation of the rhi- zome. Leaves 4-7 cm. distant on the rhizome and subapproximate on the erect stem, distinctly petioled; lamina ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base, very variable in size, up to 5.5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide; petioles stout, channelled, with a slightly dilated, sheathing base, up to 2.5 cm. long. Inflorescence erect, about 13 cm. long. Raceme subdensely many-flowered, with the rachis about 9 cm. long. Flowers rather small for the genus, "pale yellow-greenish." Sepals and petals reflexed, with revolute margins. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong, subacute to abruptly obtuse, about 6-6.6 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but slightly wider, suboblique. Petals linear or lan- ceolate-linear, abruptly truncate and minutely retuse at the tip, slightly longer than the sepals. Lip flabellate-cuneate, rather abruptly dilated from a very short cuneate base, obscurely retuse and bluntly apiculate at the broadly rounded apex, about 7-8 mm. long and 10-13 mm. wide above the middle; disc with a central thickened band. Column minute, stout, arcuate, about 1.1 mm. high at the back. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, "alturas de Pintobamba," 2700 me- ters, epiphytic or [terrestrial] in humus of wet forest, Vargas 3264- Liparis ramosa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 9, t. 112. 1837; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 291. 1895. Stem long-creeping, consisting of long sections or branches which bear scatter- ing simple, lanuginose roots and close, tubular sheaths and terminate in a pair of petioled leaves. Lamina broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate or oval, commonly acute (more rarely subacute or acuminate), broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base, 4 to about 8 cm. long, up to 6 cm. wide. Petioles channelled, up to about 6 cm. long, the lower of the pair generally somewhat stouter with its gradually dilated base sheathing the base of the upper petiole, rarely about 1 cm. distant at the base. Inflorescence axillary, up to about 22 cm. long including the rachis of the raceme, with the lower portion sheathed by the petiole (of the upper leaf), the peduncle naked up to the raceme. Raceme loosely several- to many-flowered; rachis up to about 12 cm. long. Flowers medium-sized, green or greenish white to lilac, mem- branaceous, with the perianth-parts spreading. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate with revolute sides, subacute, about 8 mm. long. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, very oblique below, acute, apiculate, with revolute sides, slightly shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals narrowly linear to filiform, with revolute sides, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip subquadrate or subquadrate-obovate to subrotund-obovate, rounded at the apex with denticulate margins, more or less distinctly apiculate, subcordate to rounded near the ascending base, abruptly re- flexed below, with a pair of minute calli at the base, about 7-9 mm. long and 5.8- 7 mm. wide. Column much shorter than the lip, slender, arcuate, thickened at the base. Huanuco: Toward Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Co- chero), in primeval woods and shady places in the woods, Poeppig 1607 (type). Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke A. FIG. 72. Liparis laticuneata C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1 A- 2, flower from side; X 2. 3, lateral sepal; X 2. 4, petal; X 2. 5, dorsal sepal; X 2. 6, lip, expanded; X 2. 378 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 379 Same locality, 1800 meters, Schunke 566. Same locality, 1500 me- ters, Schunke 1320. Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1300- 1700 meters, in dense forest, Schunke A58. Same locality, 1400-1700 meters, terrestrial in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24669. San Mar- tin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, in mountain forest, Klug 3568. Liparis ramosa Poepp. & Endl. var. Rusbyi C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 106. 1951. Liparis Rusbyi Rolfe, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 4: 454. 1907. Plant very similar to the type, but with markedly larger flowers. Stem or rhi- zome long-creeping and branching, the sections reaching a length of 14 cm. and terminating in a similar pair of long-petioled leaves; blades broadly ovate or round- ovate, up to 8 cm. long and 6.3 cm. wide; petioles up to 5.5 cm. long. Inflorescence up to 28 cm. long, with the rachis up to 15 cm. long. Flowers larger than in the type. Sepals about 10-12 mm. long. Lip broadly obovate or oblong-obovate to oblong-oval, with a more or less cuneate base, about 11-14 mm. long and 7- 11 mm. wide. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, 2100 meters, in humus of humid forest, Vargas 3331. Prov. of Urubamba, "Huinaihuaina," Inca ruins, 2550 meters, in humus of forest, Vargas 4129. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 2500 meters, terrestrial in shade in rain-forest, Woytkowski 35459. Also Bolivia (type) . Liparis retusa Fawc. & Rendle, Journ. Bot. 47: 128. 1909. Liparis neuroglossa Rolfe, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 4: 454. 1907, not Reichb. f. Plant rather small, slender. Rhizome creeping, provided with rather distant, scarious sheaths, producing very short stems at remote intervals. Stems concealed by the loose, tubular petiole of the leaf. Leaf solitary, suborbicular-cordate or ovate-cordate, abruptly acute, appearing sessile and clasping the stem (abruptly contracted at the base into a sheathing petiole), up to 4.5 cm. long from the apex to the tip of a rounded lobule and 4.1 cm. wide, horizontally spreading. Inflores- cence up to 15.7 cm. long from the summit of the swollen portion of the stem to the tip of the raceme; raceme loosely several- to many-flowered, with the rachis up to about 7 cm. long. Flowers rather large for the plant, membranaceous, appar- ently brownish-violet. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6.5-8.3 mm. long. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, oblique, acute, shorter and broader than the dor- sal sepal. Petals linear with revolute sides, longer than the dorsal sepal. Lip obovate-suborbicular to cuneate-semiorbicular, more or less broadly retuse and sharply apiculate, 6-7.2 mm. long in the middle, 7-10.3 mm. wide above, with the margins finely fimbriolate. Column slender, strongly arcuate, much shorter than the lip. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, "alturas de Pintobamba," 2600 me- ters, both epiphytic and terrestrial in humus, Vargas 3249. Prov. of 380 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Urubamba, "Huinaihuaina," Inca ruins, 2550 meters, in humus of forest, Vargas 4124- Also Bolivia (type). Liparis vexillifera (Llave & Lex.) Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 289. 1895. Cymbidium vexilliferum (as vexiliferum) Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. Orch. Fasc. 2: 11. 1825. Sturmia elliptica Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 833. 1849. Plant erect, small to medium-sized, rarely up to about 30 cm. tall, glabrous. Stem short, with a bulbous base concealed by several scarious sheaths. Leaf soli- tary, basal or near the base, erect or erect-spreading, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate- elliptic (rarely oblong), acute or acuminate, long-narrowed to the sheathing base, frequently appearing conduplicate in the dried specimen, up to about 13 cm. long and 3 cm. wide. Inflorescence more or less surpassing the leaf, naked up to the raceme, clasped below by the sheathing base of the leaf. Raceme loose to sub- dense, several- to many-flowered, up to about 14 cm. long. Flowers medium-sized, yellowish green to yellow-orange, often with purple markings. Perianth-parts spreading, with revolute sides. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate, up to 8 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar to the dorsal sepal but commonly somewhat shorter and broader, lightly oblique, dorsally carinate especially near the apex. Petals linear, shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip ovate or oblong-ovate, broadly obtuse to rounded (rarely acute or mucronate), undulate on the lateral margins which are more or less emarginate, rounded at the base, with the median nerve and sometimes 2 lateral nerves thickened, up to 7 (rarely 9) mm. long and 5.3 (rarely 7) mm. wide. Column short, arcuate, often dilated near the base, about one half as long as the lip. Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, terrestrial on open hillside, Killip & Smith 23187. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc, 2200 meters, on open grass slope, perianth yellow-orange, Vargas 2529. A vari- able and widespread species with several recognized varieties, the typical form occurring from Mexico (type) to Costa Rica, the West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela and Bolivia. DIOTHONEA Lindl. A small genus of South American epiphytes consisting of close and imperfectly understood species, including the genus Hemiscleria, and very nearly allied to Epi- dendrum. Plants medium-sized. Stems cylindric (not pseudobulbose or fusiform), commonly more or less branched, distichously many-leaved, concealed by tubular, rigid sheaths. Leaves narrow, linear to oblong or lanceolate-oblong, abruptly sub- obtuse to bilobed. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, commonly lax or pendent, several- to many-flowered, loose or dense. Flowers small to rather large, long- pedicelled. Sepals subequal, suborbicular-ovate to lanceolate or triangular, con- cave, the lateral ones oblique. Petals rather similar to the sepals or much nar- rower. Lip more or less adnate to the sides of the column, forming a deeply concave base, variously shaped, more or less 3-lobed or rarely simple, sometimes with a minute auricle or lateral lobe at the base. Column abbreviated, stout, winged. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 381 Al. Outer surface of the sepals rough with conspicuous uncinate or subconical appendages; lip pandurate D. exasperata A2. Outer surface of the sepals smooth I la. Mid-lobe of the lip subquadrate or subquadrate-oblong; peduncle relatively elongate, stout, clavate-thickened up to the rachis of the raceme; flowers small, fleshy, dorsal sepal 5-6 mm. long. D. nutans (Hemiscleria nutans, Epidendrum rhopalorhachis) Ib. Mid-lobe of the lip (if lip is 3-lobed) not subquadrate or subquadrate-oblong; peduncle commonly short, slender and indistinct; flowers relatively large, membranaceous 1 la. Flowers large, sepals about 4 cm. or more long; dorsal sepal triangular; lip with 7 serrulate, carinate nerves extending through the basal half . . D. suavis Ib. Flowers smaller, sepals about 1.5 cm. or less long; dorsal sepal not triangular; lip without 7 serrulate, basal keels 2 2a. Petals linear or lanceolate-linear; lip finely denticulate D. heterothonaea 2b. Petals rhombic-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate; lip more or less denticulate. D. lloensis (D. gratissima) Diothonea exasperata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 107, t. 35. 1951. Figure 73. Plant slender, lax. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched, entirely con- cealed by close, tubular leaf-sheaths. Leaves numerous (remaining only on the upper sheaths), distichous, narrowly linear or lanceolate-linear, abruptly rounded and apiculate at the apex, sessile and semiamplexicaul at the base, up to 8.5 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Raceme terminal, nodding, short, with the slender rachis about 2.5 cm. long, subdensely 9-flowered. Flowers rather small, pinkish white. Sepals with numerous, prominent, uncinate or subconical appendages on the outer surface. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, about 9.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, very oblique, acute, semiorbicular-dilated at the base in front, somewhat larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear or lanceolate-linear, abuptly acute, lightly subfalcate, a little shorter than the lateral sepals. Lip some- what longer than the sepals, strongly adnate to the column with a complanate- semiglobose base; lamina pandurate-subquadrate, retuse to bilobed in front, broadly cuneate below, with denticulate-erose margins; disc with a short tri carinate callus near the base, about 12.8 mm. long. Column short, stout, with the wing on each side gradually dilated from the apex to the base. Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, Vargas 4953. Diothonea heterothonaea Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 112. 1854. Plant medium-sized, up to about 40 cm. long. Stems stout or slender, more or less branched, lax, leafy, mostly concealed by tubular, evanescent leaf-sheaths. Leaves numerous, distichous, linear or lanceolate-linear, obtuse with a minutely bilobed and apiculate apex, spreading, about 5-8.5 cm. long and 5 mm. wide. Racemes short, pendulous, rather loosely few- (up to 13-) flowered. Flowers medium-sized, smooth. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate to elliptic-oblong ("linear- lanceolate"), acute, about 8-14 mm. long. Lateral sepals slightly larger, falcate- semiovate, acute. Petals linear to lanceolate-linear, falcate, obtuse or acute, DIOTHONEA FIG. 73. Diothonea exasperata C. Schweinf. 1, plants; X M- 2, flower without lip, expanded; X 2. 3, column and lip from side; X IK- 4, lip, expanded; X 1%. 5, flower from side; X 1^. 382 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 383 subequaling the sepals, with the margins often irregular. Lip distinctly exceed- ing the rest of the perianth, rotundate-ovate, more or less 3-lobed near the apex, retuse, with the margins irregularly denticulate, up to about 9 mm. long. Column short, recurved above, with the lateral margins alate in front and entirely connate with the base of the lip. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n. (type). Also Colombia. The above diagnosis was compiled from the description, from drawings with floral analysis in the Reichenbach Herbarium, and from two Colombian collections referable to this species. Diothonea lloensis Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 1: 12. 1834; Rolfe, Hook. Ic. PI. 31: t. 3012. 1915. Diothonea gratissima Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 772. 1852; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 178. 1944. Plant variable, epiphytic or terrestrial, tall, stout, commonly much branched, leafy, entirely concealed by tubular, striate leaf-sheaths, about 20-50 cm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate to linear or linear-oblong, more or less narrowed to a bilob- ulate apex, sessile, up to 11 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide but commonly much smaller. Inflorescences terminal on the stems or branches, short, more or less pendulous, several- to many-flowered, 2-11 cm. long. Flowers membranaceous, pinkish red or brown to yellowish, medium-sized for the genus, smooth. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute or subacute, concave, 8.2-10 mm. long. Lateral sepals very obliquely oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, more or less distinctly carinate, a little larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals rhombic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to short-acuminate, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal but often broader. Lip markedly exceeding the other segments, adnate to the winged base of the col- umn, the free part spreading or reflexed, suborbicular to round-obovate, subentire to distinctly 3-lobed above the middle with the broad apical portion more or less retuse, cuneate to rounded below, about 9-14 mm. in greatest length, the margins being irregular to minutely denticulate; disc with several more or less distinct short keels at the base. Column short, stout, incurved, broadly winged, the wing grad- ually dilated from the apex to the base where adnate to the lip. "Peru"(?), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 144. 1921, as D. gratissima Reichb. f. Ecuador (type) and Colombia. Diothonea nutans (Lindl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 11: 179. 1944. Hemiscleria nutans Lindl. Fol. Orch. Hemiscleria (1853) 1. Epidendrum Hemiscleria Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 383. 1862. Epidendrum rhopalorhachis Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1:180. 1905. Plant tall, epiphytic. Stem strict, stout, up to 60 cm. tall, leafy throughout, apparently entirely concealed by tubular leaf -sheaths about 2-6 cm. long. Leaves distichous, erect and appressed to the stem, oblong-lanceolate to linear-ligulate, obtuse to subacute, minutely serrulate-erose, up to 13.7 cm. long and 2.8 cm. wide. Inflorescence nodding, terminal, clavate-thickened up to the stout rachis, about 384 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 equaling the subtending leaf; raceme short, densely many-flowered, about 2.7 cm. long, subglobose in outline when in flower. Flowers small, orange, smooth, with the pedicellate ovary about 3 cm. long. Dorsal sepal suborbicular-ovate, subacute, fleshy, concave, 5-6 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but slightly larger, apiculate. Petals similar to the sepals but of thinner texture, broadly triangular-ovate, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base. Lip surpassing the rest of the perianth, 3-lobed, adnate to the lateral margins of the column at the base; lateral lobes minute, auri- culiform; mid-lobe much larger, subquadrate to subquadrate-oblong (sometimes lightly cuneate), retuse and often apiculate; disc provided below with 3 thickened lines of which the median is much the largest. Column abbreviated, very stout. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews s.n. (type of Hemiscleria nu- tans). Prov. of Chachapoyas, 10 km. on trail from Leimebamba to Chachapoyas, 3500 meters, in moist shaded places, Metcalf 30794. In the vicinity of the Inca stronghold of Malca near Cuelap, south of Chachapoyas, 2800 meters, in evergreen woods consisting of scle- rophyllous and more delicate forms, Weberbauer 4311. Cajamarca: Chugur, northwest of Hualgayoc, 2700-2900 meters, in a mixture of trees and shrubs, Weberbauer 4100 (type of Epidendrumrhopalorhachis). Diothonea suavis Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 112. 1854. Stem stout, branching, more or less concealed by tubular leaf-sheaths. Leaves ligulate, obtuse, apiculate, distichous. Raceme several- (up to 9-) flowered. Flowers large and showy, sulphur-colored in the dried specimen. Sepals subequal, trian- gular, subacute, the lateral ones with the forward margin obliquely curved, about 4 cm. long. Petals elliptic-oblong, subacute. Lip cuneate-flabellate, lobulate in front, very minutely denticulate, adnate to the winged margins of the column below, the lower half of the disc traversed by 7 carinate-thickened nerves which are antrorsely serrulate. Column incurved, winged nearly to the apex. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n. This description is a liberal translation of the original diagnosis. I have seen no material of this species. AMBLOSTOMA Scheidw. A very small group of tropical American epiphytes which is closely allied to the genus Epidendrum (section Euepidendrum) but is readily separated by its subglobose, unappendaged pollinia. Plants small to large, with a creeping rhizome (often not present in the dried specimen). Stems more or less stout, fusiform below where concealed by tubular, scarious sheaths, distichously several-leaved above. Leaves oblong-linear or (rarely) oblong, abruptly obtuse to bilobulate at the apex, sessile, spreading. Inflorescence racemose or more commonly loosely paniculate with spreading and often curving branches. Flowers small, loose or dense, very numerous. Sepals subequal, lanceo- late-elliptic to oblong or obovate-oblong, concave, with the lateral ones lightly oblique. Petals narrow, oblanceolate, linear-spatulate or oblong-spatulate. Lip SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 385 adnate to the column up to its apex, forming an urceolate cup, the free portion of the lamina tripartite into narrow lobes. Column very short and broad, obliquely dilated above, long-adnate to the lip. Pollinia 4, subglobose, unappendaged. Al. Pedicellate ovaries densely pubescent; lip with 3 or 5 distinct calli; inflores- cence racemose, strict A. gracile var. robustum A2. Pedicellate ovaries glabrous; lip with 2 or 3 more or less distinct calli; inflo- rescence usually an open panicle A. tridactylum (A. densum) Amblostoma gracile Garay var. robustum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 17: 42, t. 16. 1955. Figure 74. Plant medium-sized, with a stout, creeping rhizome, relatively robust, up to about 33 cm. high (apex of raceme incomplete in the type specimen). Stems fusi- form, approximate, entirely concealed nearly to the apex by several close, scarious, tubular, evanescent sheaths, 15-17.5 cm. long. Leaves 4, clustered near the apex of the stem, variable in shape and size, oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed above to an abrupt, subacute and apiculate or obtuse apex, slightly narrowed below to a sessile, clasping base, up to 12 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence solitary, strict, racemose, up to about 16 cm. long, subdensely many-flowered nearly to the base. Pedicellate ovaries densely pubescent. Flowers very small, whitish green with pale brown sepals. Sepals and petals incurved. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, obtuse and apiculate, strongly concave, about 4.2 mm. long, very fleshy. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely elliptic-oblong and somewhat broader above, acute, deeply concave, slightly larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblanceolate-linear, obtuse, a little shorter than the sepals, suboblique. Lip entirely adnate to the column; lamina small, tripartite, about 1.3 mm. long; lateral lobes obliquely obovate-subquadrate, partially concealed by an ovate-oblong lamina which is free along the front; mid- lobe slightly longer and narrower, ovate-oblong, subacute, with 3 narrow fleshy calli of which the central one is much the longest. Column relatively large, obliquely obovoid-infundibuliform when viewed from the side, with lacerate apical margins. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 1900 meters, in large clumps on tree in low highland forest, Woytkowski 35476. Amblostoma tridactylum (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 485. 1863; Reichb. f. Saund. Refug. Bot. 2, 1. 101. 1878; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 23, t. 7. 1898. Epidendrum tridactylum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24, Misc. 46, no. 81. 1838. Amblostoma cernua Scheidw. Otto & Dietr. Allg. Gartenz. 6: 383. 1838. Amblostoma densum Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 3: 22. 1878. Plant medium-sized to large, variable, up to about 50 cm. or more high, with a stout creeping rhizome (often not present in the dried specimen). Stems fusi- form, slender to rather stout, apparently subremote, erect or ascending, entirely or mostly concealed by tubular, scarious, leaf-bearing sheaths, about 15-30 cm. high, sometimes 15 mm. thick in the middle. Leaves several, distichous, those present (4-6) on the upper part of the stem, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-linear or lanceolate-linear, erect or ascending, abruptly acute to rounded and apiculate at the apex, clasping at the base, up to 22 cm. long and 14 mm. wide. Inflorescence AMBLOSTOMA FIG. 74. Amblostoma gracile Garay var. robustum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X J^. 2, flower, expanded; X 5. 3, column and lip from side; X 6. 386 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 387 usually very loosely paniculate (rarely racemose), the branches spreading, com- monly arcuate or nodding, loosely or densely many-flowered and elongate. Pedicel- late ovaries glabrous. Flowers small, rather fleshy, pale yellow or greenish yellow to reddish brown or dark purple, with spreading segments. Sepals and petals in- curved. Dorsal sepal obovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, concave, subacute to obtuse, about 3-5 mm. long. Lateral sepals subequally long but broader, obliquely obo- vate, acute. Petals spatulate to oblong-cuneate, subacute to rounded at the apex. Lip adnate to the tip of the column; lamina tripartite, about 2-2.5 mm. long in the middle; lateral lobes divaricate, broadly oblong when expanded, with more or less involute margins (thus appearing linear), obtuse or retuse, suboblique; mid- lobe triangular to ovate-oblong, obtuse to acute, shorter than or subequaling the lateral lobes; disc with indistinct lateral calli adnate to the column and sometimes thickened through the middle of the mid-lobe. Column infundibuliform, with undulate apical margins. Amazonas: La Peca, northeast of Jaen, 1000 meters, epiphyte, sepals reddish brown with green tips, petals pale yellowish green, Woytkowski 37020. Cuzco, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 145. 1921 (A. densum). Also Mexico (type of Amblostoma cernua), Brazil (type of Epidendrum tridactylum) and Bolivia (type of A. den- sum). HEXISEA Lindl. Small to medium-sized American epiphytes. Stems caespitose, simple or branched, consisting of several superposed, terete or commonly thickened mem- bers which are unifoliate or bifoliate at the apex. Leaves narrow, obtuse or bilob- ulate, rigid, early deciduous in the lower part. Racemes terminal, few-flowered, the short peduncle concealed by imbricated sheaths. Flowers small to medium- sized, salmon, orange, red or purple. Segments campanulate or spreading. Sepals narrow, subequally long, the lateral sepals with a very short mentum. Petals sim- ilar to the sepals but somewhat smaller. Lip deeply adnate to the column, form- ing a saccate, erect base and a deflexed, simple or 3-lobed, mostly narrow lamina which is often similar to the other perianth-members. Column short, stout, form- ing a deep cup with the base of the lip, having a 3-lobed clinandrium. Anther opercular, incumbent, 2-celled. Pollinia 4, waxy, not compressed. A small genus, extending from Mexico through Central America to Panama, locally in the West Indies and in northern South America. Hexisea bidentata Lindl. var. imbricata (Lindl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 106. 1951. Diothonea imbricata Lindl. Sert. Orch. t. 40, fig. 1. 1841. Epidendrum oppositifolium A. Rich. & Gal. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 3: 21, no. 46. 1845. Diothonea oppositifolia Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 842. 1849. Euothonaea imbricata Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 772. 1852. Euothonaea oppositifolia Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 772. 1852. Hexisea imbricata Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 470. 1862. Hexisea oppositifolia Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 470. 1862. 388 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Plant caespitose, 12.5-30 cm. or more tall. Stems suberect to arcuate, consist- ing of 3 or more superposed, more or less swollen members, which are longitudinally sulcate in the dried plant, either simple or branched at the nodes, concealed when young by several imbricating sheaths which disappear in the course of development. Leaves arising from the apex of the stem-members, in pairs and subopposite (per- haps rarely solitary), elliptic-oblong to linear-oblong or linear, obtuse to minutely bilobulate and apiculate, sessile at the cuneate complicate base, up to 10 cm. long and 1.3 cm. wide, often very small (on the apical growths), rigid. Inflorescences very short, racemose, few-flowered, the peduncle concealed by scarious, imbricat- ing sheaths. Flowers rather small, salmon pink (rarely) to scarlet. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or short-acuminate, dorsally carinate at the apex, 12-15 mm. long, about 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, oblique at the base, slightly shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals narrowly to broadly oblong, sharply acute, distinctly shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip adnate to the basal part of the column, forming a deep sac or cup, above producing a spreading or reflexed lamina; lamina ovate-oblong, subacute or acute, often with involute sides, adorned at the base by a pair of short approximate keels, about 8.2-10 mm. long, 3.6-4 mm. wide. Column very short and stout, 3-3.3 mm. long at the back, prom- inently 3-toothed at the apex, with the lateral teeth larger, porrect and obliquely dolabriform. Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Sahuayaco, epiphyte, 1550 meters, Vargas 6286. Also Mexico (type of Epidendrum oppositifolium) through Central America to Panama and British Guiana (type of Diothonea imbricata) and locally in Colombia. LANIUM (Lindl.) Benth. A small epiphytic genus of northern South America, with an abbreviated or long-creeping, sheathed and often branched rhizome. Stems more or less distant, short, either cylindric and distichously 2- to 8-leafed or pseudobulbous-abbreviated and 2-leafed at the apex. Leaves subterete to oblong or broadly elliptic-ovate. Inflorescence commonly more or less surpassing the leaves, loosely few- to many- flowered, racemose or paniculate. Flowers small, with spreading segments. Pedi- cellate ovary and sepals pubescent without. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, subacute to acuminate. Lateral sepals commonly broader, oblique, distinctly adnate to the column at the base. Petals linear, usually shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to the apex; lamina simple, ovate or rhombic, concave, sharply acute to acuminate. Column prominent, dilated up- ward in front, commonly terminating in a pair of angulate teeth or auricles. Anther terminal, incumbent, 2-celled, with 4 ovoid-pyriform, unflattened pollinia in 2 super- imposed pairs. Two species have been found in Peru. Al. Stems pseudobulbous, 2-leafed at the apex; leaves broad and flat. .L. avicula A2. Stems not pseudobulbous, distichously 2- to 8-leafed throughout; leaves nar- row, fleshy, almost triquetrous L. microphyllum Lanium avicula (Lindl.) Benth. Hook. Ic. PI. 14: 25, t. 1335. 1881; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 26, t. 8, fig. 1. 1898. Epiden- SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 389 drum avicula Lindl. (as E. avicule) Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 85. 1841; Kranzl. Xen. Orch. 3: 84, t. 246, figs. I, II, 1-7. 1892. Plant small, epiphytic, with a stout, creeping rhizome concealed by loose, scari- ous, imbricating sheaths. Stems more or less remote, abbreviated, pseudobulbous- thickened (especially in age), about 1-3 cm. long, obliquely bifoliate at the apex. Leaves sessile, spreading, flat, round-ovate to broadly elliptic, acute to rounded at the apex, about 1.5-3.2 (rarely 5) cm. long, up to 15 mm. wide. Inflorescences terminal, much exceeding the leaves, simply racemose to paniculate above, loosely several- to many-flowered, 6-16 cm. tall, with the peduncle, rachis, pedicellate ovary and outer surface of the sepals densely white-tomentose. Flowers small, with spreading segments, yellowish brown, pale greenish red, or yellowish green sometimes spotted with red. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about 6-7.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals broadly lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, very oblique, complicate-acute, about as long as the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals linear, broadest in the middle, acute or acuminate, lightly oblique, shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its upper portion; lamina rhombic-suborbicular or rhombic-ovate, acuminate, abruptly acute or tri- angular-apiculate, concave, about 4.5 mm. long, up to 4 mm. wide when expanded, cuneate at the base, with the outer margins somewhat irregular. Column stout, dilated upward in front, bidentate at the apex, about 5 mm. long at the back. Junin : Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 1800 meters, in large clumps on a dry rotten tree trunk in a sunny spot in the tall forest, Woytkow- ski 35491 . Also Brazil (type of Epidendrum avicula) . Lanium microphyllum (Lindl.) Benth. Hook. Ic. PI. 14: 24, 1. 1334. 1881; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 28. 1898. Epidendrum microphyllum Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 85. 1841. Lanium peruvi- anum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 97. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 123, nr. 481. 1929. Plant small, epiphytic, with an elongate, creeping, branched, rooting rhizome which is concealed by loose, evanescent sheaths and produces more or less remote, short branches. Branches prostrate to erect-ascending, 1 to rarely 4 cm. long, closely concealed by imbricating leaf-sheaths. Leaves distichous, 4-8, spreading and often recurved in the dried plant, oblong-linear, very fleshy and almost trique- trous, up to 3 cm. long, acute and apiculate, clasping at the base. Inflorescence terminal, racemose above, loosely 2- to 8-flowered (up to 14 flowers shown in the drawing of the type), 2-7 cm. tall, more or less surpassing the leaves, with a pilose peduncle and rachis. Flowers small, green or purplish, with spreading segments. Sepals pilose without. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5-7.7 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, equally long but distinctly wider than the dorsal sepal, obliquely adnate to the column at the base, lightly carinate above. Petals linear, broadest in the middle, acute or acuminate, usually somewhat shorter than the sepals, oblique. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, almost as long as the sepals; lamina simple, concave, broadly or narrowly ovate, more or less abruptly acuminate, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, up to 4.7 mm. long and 3.8 mm. wide when expanded, with the margins of the lower portion more or less irregular; disc at the base with a pair 390 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 of very small, complanate calli joined to the thickened middle line. Column con- spicuous, dilated upward in front, terminating on each side in a broad, obliquely triangular tooth, up to 4 mm. long at the back. Junin: La Merced, in the Chanchamayo Valley, 1000 meters, Weberbauer 1887 (type of L. peruvianum) . Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1084- East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Mer- ced, 800-1300 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 23953. Rio Paucartambo Valley, near Perene Bridge, 700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25362. Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, on tree in dense forest, Klug 10026. Middle portion of Maranon River, San Isidro, at mouth of the Pastaza River, 135 me- ters, on Crescentia cujete, Tessmann ^91+9. A rather variable little species extending from British Guiana (type of Epidendrum micro- phyllum) and Surinam to Peru and Colombia. EPIDENDRUM L. The largest genus of neotropical orchids, extending from North Carolina (U.S.A.), through the West Indies and Central America to Argentina. Plants epiphytic or more rarely terrestrial, very small to large and robust, up to 3 meters or more tall, erect or creeping, with or without a conspicuous rhizome. Stems either thickened into subglobose or pyriform-cylindric pseudobulbs bearing leaves only at the summit, or slender, more or less leafy, and either simple or much branched. Leaves one to numerous, terete or flattened, varying from linear to oval, rounded to long-acuminate at the apex. Inflorescence commonly terminal, rarely lateral from the leafy stem, simple (racemose or subumbellate) to diffusely paniculate, erect or nodding, one- to many-flowered. Flowers minute to large. Parts of the perianth more or less spreading. Petals usually much narrower than the sepals. Lip slightly adnate to the column or more commonly adnate to the column up to the apex of the latter, simple or 3-lobed, smooth or callose. Col- umn short to long, wingless or prominently winged or auricled. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, 2-celled. Pollinia 4, waxy, equal, in one series with 2 in each cell, more or less flattened. Al. Stems with true pseudobulbs or bulbous-thickened throughout, surrounded by scarious non-leaf-bearing (often evanescent) sheaths; leaves one to several borne at or near the summit of the pseudobulb. Section Encyclium 1 1 A2. Stems without true pseudobulbs, although sometimes thickened at the base or above; leaves usually several to numerous, distributed along the stem. Section Euepidendrum 24 la. Lip free or very slightly adnate to the relatively elongate column 1 Ib. Lip strongly adnate to column, often joined to column up to its apex 6 la. Lip simple, elongate; bracts large, strict, spathaceous E. Ottonis Ib. Lip sharply 3-lobed, nearly as broad as long when expanded; bracts very small, spreading 2 1 Rarely exact reference to the vegetative growth of a species is lacking, but the floral details and the indicated relationship show the status of the species. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 391 2a. Lateral lobes of the lip rhombic, porrect; disc of the lip with a pair of low, stout, approximate calli below; anther deeply emarginate E. thrombodes 2b. Lateral lobes of the lip not rhombic or porrect; disc of the lip without a pair of low, stout calli below 3 3a. Posterior margin of the lateral lobes of the lip angulate or rounded-angulate in the middle, lamina slightly retrorse; pedicellate ovary strongly papillose- asperate 4 3b. Posterior margin of the lateral lobes of the lip without an angle in the mid- dle, lamina commonly antrorse or spreading 5 4a. Petals spatulate, obtuse; lip broadly rounded in front E. microtos 4b. Petals oblanceolate, acute; lip emarginate. E. cyperifolium (E. microtos var. grandiflorum) 5a. Lateral lobes of the lip falcate-triangular-lanceolate, acute . . E. sclerocladium 5b. Lateral lobes of the lip not falcate-triangular-lanceolate, obtuse to rounded at the apex E. oncidioides 1 var. gravidum (E. gravidum) 6a. Pseudobulbs with one leaf 7 6b. Pseudobulbs with 2 or more leaves 15 7a. Lamina of the lip simple 8 7b. Lamina of the lip more or less 3-lobed 10 8a. Sepals and petals long-acuminate; lamina of the lip cochleate, abruptly acuminate E. fragrans* 8b. Sepals and petals acute to obtuse; lamina of the lip subacute to obtuse. . .9 9a. Peduncle filiform, 0.75 mm. thick; ovary with a prominent, tubular vesicle; lip oblong or elliptic E. micro-Cattleya 9b. Peduncles stout, 1.5 mm. or more thick; ovary without a prominent, tubular vesicle; lip rotunda te-cordate or pentangular E. saxicola lOa. Lobing of the lip shallow and often indistinct E. saxicola lOb. Lobing of the lip deep and distinct 11 11 a. Flowers very large, lateral sepals 3.5 cm. or more long; lateral lobes of the lip long-ciliate E. ciliare 3 lib. Flowers medium-sized to small, lateral sepals 1.5 cm. or less long; lateral lobes of the lip dentate to entire 12 12a. Raceme elongate, much surpassing the leaf, densely many- (30- or more-) flowered E. parvilabre 12b. Raceme abbreviated, few- (10- or less-) flowered 13 13a. Rhizome long-creeping; petals slightly broader than the sepals. E. monzonense 13b. Rhizome apparently abbreviated; petals much narrower than the sepals . . 14 14a. Raceme subtended by a prominent spathe; mid-lobe of the lip bilobed. E. unifoliatum* 1 Some forms of the polymorphic E. oncidioides from Central America have ovate-lanceolate lateral lobes of the lip (similar to those of E. thrombodes), but they lack the pair of approximate calli on the disc of the lip. 2 Very rarely the pseudobulbs of this species bear 2 leaves. 3 This species usually has 2 or 3 leaves on the pseudobulb, but rarely a single leaf is evident. Accordingly, the concept is included in this branch of the key also. 4 This concept, of which I have seen no example, is of uncertain affinity; it may be referred to Encydium or to Euepidendrum. Therefore, I have included it in both sections of the key. 392 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 14b. Raceme not subtended by a spathe; mid-lobe of the lip acute or acuminate. E. breviracemum 1 15a. Lamina of the lip simple, rarely obscurely lobulate 16 15b. Lamina of the lip 3-lobed 18 16a. Inflorescence many-flowered; sepals obovate-oblong, very fleshy, maculate within E. crassilabium (E. variegatum, E. saccharatum) 16b. Inflorescence 1- to 2-flowered; sepals ovate to oblong or elliptic-oblong, apparently neither very fleshy nor maculate 17 17a. Pseudobulbs small, about 12 mm. or less long; leaves very acute; sepals ovate; lip naked, serrulate E. serpens 17b. Pseudobulbs larger, 30 mm. or more long; leaves obtuse to rounded at the apex; sepals oblong or elliptic-oblong; lip bituberculate or bicallose at the base E. Harmsianum 18a. Lip adnate to the column up to the apical part 19 18b. Lip adnate to the lower part or up to the middle part of the column; lateral lobes entire; column short, prominently 3-toothed or 3-lobed at the apex. .22 19a. Rhizome elongate, with more or less remote pseudobulbs; mid-lobe of the lip narrowly triangular or linear-triangular; inflorescence abbreviated. E. pygmaeum (Hormidium pseudopygmaeum, Hormidium tripterum) 19b. Rhizome apparently abbreviated, with approximate pseudobulbs 20 20a. Plant large, 50 cm. or more tall; rachis stout, paniculate, with several to many lateral racemes E. polystachyum 20b. Plant small, 18 cm. or less tall; rachis slender, simply racemose 21 21a. Leaves narrow (1.4 cm. or less wide), cuneate below; raceme loosely flow- ered, much surpassing the leaves E. rupestre 21b. Leaves broad (2 cm. or more wide), subcordate below; raceme congested, equaling or shorter than the leaves if the latter were extended. E. breviracemum 22a. Petals acuminate, scarcely broader above the middle; lateral lobes of the lip more or less recurved; mid-lobe of the lip triangular-acuminate. E. grammatoglossum 22b. Petals acute to obtuse, distinctly broader above the middle; lateral lobes of the lip not recurved; mid-lobe of the lip ovate or ovate-quadrate, acute ... 23 23a. Flowers small, petals 2.5 mm. or less wide above; lateral sepals obtuse to shortly acute; lateral lobes of the lip markedly smaller than the mid-lobe. E. Feddeanum 23b. Flowers larger, petals 4 mm. or more wide above; lateral sepals short-acumi- nate; lateral lobes of the lip about equaling the mid-lobe. E. Hartwegii (E. fuscum) 24a. Lip simple, obscurely lobulate or bilobed 25 24b. Lip 3-lobed or 3-lobulate (rarely 4-lobed) 88 25a. Inflorescences on short, lateral, naked branches on the leafy stem 26 25b. Inflorescences terminal, often at the apex of leafy branches 27 26a. Lip suborbicular-cordate, about as broad as long, with 2 calli at the base; sepals about 1.3 cm. long E. aggregatum 26b. Lip rotund-reniform, distinctly broader than long, with a central keel be- tween the 2 basal calli; sepals about 1 cm. long E. pleurobotrys 27a. Blade of the leaf not articulated to the sheathing base 28 27b. Blade of the leaf articulated to the sheath 30 1 This species sometimes has a bifoliate pseudobulb. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 393 28a. Plant relatively large, stems 15 cm. or more tall; leaves distinctly separated (i.e., the bases not imbricating); flowers numerous, capitate. E, capitellatum 28b. Plant small, stems 6 cm. or less tall; leaves approximate, with the sheathing bases imbricating; flowers 1 or 2 29 29a. Rhizome short or apparently wanting; petals distinctly narrower than the dorsal sepal E. Schlechterianum (N anodes discolor, E. brevicaule) 29b. Rhizome elongate, flexuous; petals nearly or quite as broad as the dorsal sepal E, longirepens (E. Schlechterianum var. longirepens) 30a. Flowers solitary or several in a congested, subumbellate raceme 31 3 Ob. Flowers neither solitary nor few and congested-subumbellate 41 31a. Lamina of the lip transverse (broader than long), commonly reniform to transversely oval, often with a cordate base 32 31b. Lamina of the lip not transverse, longer than broad or about equally long and broad 34 32a. Raceme peduncled (at least when mature), nodding or spreading; stems much branched above E. soratae 32b. Racemes sessile, erect 33 33a. Stems much branched; upper leaves strongly falcate E. vesicicaule 33b. Stems simple; leaves not falcate E. difforme (E. latilabre) 34a. Lower part of the lip conspicuously lacerate-dentate E. laceratum 34b. Lower part of the lip minutely denticulate or entire 35 35a. Margin of the leaves and of the perianth-segments (especially the lip) mi- nutely denticulate E. minutidentatum 35b. Margin of the leaves and of the perianth-segments entire (rarely the lip is microscopically ciliolate) 36 36a. Lamina of the lip broadly oval to subrotund, broadest near the middle ... 37 36b. Lamina of the lip ovate or ovate-triangular, broadest near the base 38 37a. Flowers large, 1-4, sepals 2.5-3.2 cm. long; petals similar to the sepals; column free from the lateral sepals above E. Scutella (E. platyoon) 37b. Flowers smaller, always solitary, sepals about 1.5 cm. or less long; petals much narrower than the sepals; column entirely adnate to the lateral sepals E. Porpax (E. Mathewsii, E. gnomus) 38a. Stems densely leaved; flower solitary; ovary without a tubular sac above. E. brevicaule 38b. Stems loosely leaved; flowers 2 to several; ovary with a tubular or ventri- cose sac 39 39a. Plant without a long-creeping rhizome or repent leafless portion; stem com- monly divaricately branched throughout (rarely simple) ; floral bracts large, spathaceous, very conspicuous E. strobiliferum 39b. Plant with a long-creeping rhizome or repent leafless portion; floral bracts minute 40 40a. Leaves 1 or 2, 1 cm. wide; petals obtuse; lip with a thickened median line. E. macrogastrium 1 40b. Leaves commonly 4 to 7 to a stem, about 1.5 cm. or more wide; petals acute E. megagastrium 41a. Lamina of the lip denticulate to fimbriate or lacerate 42 1 The position of this species in the key was based solely on the description, as I have seen no other record. 394 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 41b. Lamina of the lip neither denticulate, lacerate, nor fimbriate (rarely the margin is irregular or crenulate) 51 42a. Bracts of the inflorescence large, paleaceous, erect E. arundinaceum 42b. Bracts of the inflorescence commonly small, inconspicuous, and more or less spreading 43 43a. Petals broader than the sepals, rhombic-lanceolate or rhombic-oblanceolate; lower margins of the lamina of the lip lacerate or sharp-dentate. E. imatophyllum 43b. Petals markedly narrower than the sepals, oblanceolate-oblong or oblanceo- late-linear 44 44a. Lamina of the lip broadly obovate-oblong; raceme loosely 3- to 4-flowered, half concealed by the upper leaves E. gastrochilum 44b. Lamina of the lip not obovate, i.e., commonly broadest near the base or in the middle; raceme (or panicle) usually many-flowered 45 45a. Pedicellate ovary and outer surface of the sepals densely muricate; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate E. muricatum 45b. Pedicellate ovary and outer surface of the sepals glabrous 46 46a. Plant robust and stout, sheathed stems near the base about 10 mm. or more in diameter; leaves broadly oblong, elliptic-oblong or oval 47 46b. Plant slender, sheathed stems near the base about 6 mm. or less in di- ameter; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate 48 47a. Leaves oblong-elliptic or oval, broadly rounded above, chartaceous, spread- ing; panicle virgate, with few-flowered, erect branches E. refractoides 47b. Leaves oblong, prominently bilobed above, fleshy-coriaceous, erect or ascending; panicle spreading, with many-flowered branches. .E. densifolium 48a. Herb small, leaves 5.5 cm. or less long; lip transverse (broader than long) . . 49 48b. Herb larger, leaves 7-16 cm. long; lip not transverse 50 49a. Inflorescence a divaricately branched panicle with distant flowers; floral bracts minute E. vincentinum (E. serricardium) 49b. Inflorescence racemose (very rarely with a single side branch) with more or less approximate flowers; floral bracts conspicuous, ovate to triangular- lanceolate E. fimbriatum 50a. Leaves 8 mm. or less wide; sepals 7-8 mm. long E. blepharichilum 50b. Leaves 12-16 mm. wide; sepals 10-15 mm. long. E. blepharichilum var. majus 51 a. Peduncle invested by several close, tubular, scarious sheaths 52 51b. Peduncle not invested by close, tubular sheaths 55 52a. Leaf solitary, erect, elongate; lip mostly occupied by a large 5-lobulate callus E. magnicallosum 52b. Leaves several to numerous, distichous, often short; lip either naked or bicallose at the base 53 53a. Ovary with a conspicuous saccate vesicle at the summit just below the lip; leaves small, up to 4 cm. long E. prostratum 53b. Ovary without a saccate vesicle; leaves larger, 5-20 cm. long 54 54a. Stem flattened (except near the base); leaves neither fleshy nor vernicose, broadest in the middle or above the middle; lamina of the lip without a pair of basal calli E. anceps 54b. Stem terete; leaves fleshy, vernicose, commonly broadest below the middle; lamina of the lip with a pair of basal fleshy calli E. rectopedunculatum 55a. Leaves apparently subterete or semiterete; plants small 56 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 395 55b. Leaves with flattened blades; plants commonly large 58 56a. Stems simple, or branched at the very base, more or less caespitose; inflo- rescence not subtended by a conspicuous erect spathe; flowers or flower- clusters distant on a strongly fractiflex rachis; lip transverse 57 56b. Stem loosely branched above; inflorescence subtended by a conspicuous, erect spathe, flowers loose on a straight or lightly flexuous rachis; lip not transverse E. minutiflorum 57a. Plant about 11 cm. or less high; leaves 3.5 cm. or less long; flower-bearing branches abbreviated or obscure E. Schlimii 57b. Plant about 16 cm. or more high; leaves commonly 4 cm. or more long; flower-bearing branches distinct, several-flowered. E. Schlimii var. gracillimum (E. gracillimum) 58a. Flower-cluster subtended by one or more conspicuous spathes which are usually erect and larger than the floral bracts 59 58b. Flower-cluster not subtended by conspicuous, erect spathes dissimilar to the floral bracts 66 59a. Inflorescence a strongly arcuate or nodding flower-cluster 60 59b. Inflorescence an erect or suberect raceme 61 60a. Plant stout, stems about 10 mm. thick, simple; inflorescence paniculate. E. frigidum (E. macrodonax) Plant slender, stem 4 mm. or less thick, simple or branching; inflorescence commonly racemose E. frigidum var. stenophyton (E. stenophyton) Floral bracts large, conspicuous, conduplicate, more or less surpassing the pedicellate ovary E. coriifolium Floral bracts very small and inconspicuous, much shorter than the pedicel- late ovary 62 Lip strongly emarginate; flower large, lateral sepals commonly 15 mm. or more long 63 Lip not emarginate; flowers smaller, lateral sepals 14 mm. or much less long 64 Leaves short, oblong-elliptic to oval; spathe solitary, very broad; flowers few (5 or less), submembranaceous E. orbiculatum Leaves elongate, linear-oblong; spathes 2, narrow; flowers numerous (12 or more), coriaceous E. grandiflorum Disc of the lip with a large central callus; petals spatulate, rounded to acute at the apex E. mancum 64b. Disc of the lip with 2 basal calli; petals linear or slightly broader above . .65 65a. Lamina of the lip linear-oblong, obtuse E. adenoglossum 65b. Lamina of the lip cordate, acute E. ventricosum (E. pachygastrium) 66a. Inflorescence paniculate 67 66b. Inflorescence racemose 70 67a. Leaves long-acuminate; branches of the panicle slender, elongate and erect or widely spreading; flowers minute. .E. micranthum (Amblostoma holochilum) 67b. Leaves acute; branches of the panicle usually stout and short, more or less arcuate or recurved 68 68a. Plant slender; sheathed stem 3 mm. or less in diameter, usually branching; leaves linear, 6.6 cm. or less long, 4.5 mm. or less wide; panicle slender, few-branched E. gramineum 1 1 The characters assigned to E. gramineum were drawn from collections which are apparently referable to this species. 396 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 68b. Plant stout; sheathed stem 4.5 mm. or more in diameter; leaves ovate-lanceo- late to linear-lanceolate, 10 mm. or more wide 69 69a. Stem with short, erect branches near the base; leaf-sheaths merely rugose (not pustulose); panicle with few, not recurved, branches; sepals 8.2 mm. or more long E. aquaticoides 69b. Stem simple; leaf-sheaths pustulose above; panicle with numerous, recurved branches; sepals about 6 mm. or less long E.frutex 70a. Disc of the lip with a V-shaped callus at or near the base; plant much branched E. ramosum 70b. Disc of the lip without a V-shaped callus 71 71a. Floral bracts conspicuous, broad and spathe-like or ancipitous, dorsally cari- nate, erect and clasping the pedicellate ovary 72 71b. Floral bracts inconspicuous, neither spathaceous nor ancipitous, commonly wide-spreading 74 72a. Stems much branched, from an abbreviated rhizome; floral bracts scarious; lip strongly narrowed toward the apex E. strobiliferum 72b. Stems simple, from a more or less elongate rhizome; floral bracts foliaceous; lip not strongly narrowed toward the apex 73 73a. Lamina of the lip cordate-ovate to suborbicular, not transverse, 5.5 mm. or less wide; lateral sepals entirely ecarinate E. rigidum 73b. Lamina of the lip cordate-reniform, transverse, 1.2 cm. or more wide; lateral sepals with a serrate keel near the apex E. coriifolium 74a. Lamina of the lip not distinctly narrowed toward the front, truncate or retuse at the apex 75 74b. Lamina of the lip distinctly narrowed toward the front 78 75a. Stems uniformly leafy throughout 76 75b. Stems and branches leafless below; leaves very variable in size, the upper ones approximate and commonly 5-17 cm. long, flat 77 76a. Leaves small, 3.7 cm. or less long, equitant in the dried specimen . .E. ardens 76b. Leaves relatively large, 5.7-15 cm. long, flat . . . .E. inamoenum var. robustum 11 a. Petals oblanceolate-linear or elliptic-linear, acute or subacute; lamina of the lip glabrous on both surfaces E. nephroglossum lib. Petals broadly cuneate-spatulate, obtuse to rounded at the apex; lamina of the lip densely cellular-papillose on both surfaces E. latisegmentum 78a. Flowers membranaceous; lamina of the lip lightly indented or retuse on each side 79 78b. Flowers fleshy or coriaceous; lamina of the lip not indented on each side . . 80 79a. Stem simple or nearly so; flowers greenish-yellow; lip conspicuously apic- late E. subreniforme 79b. Stem with numerous, short, strict branches; flowers rose-purple; lip without an apicule E. subreniforme var. ramosum 80a. Raceme nodding or strongly reflexed 81 80b. Raceme erect or suberect, very rarely somewhat arcuate 83 81a. Leaves elliptic; flowers relatively large, about 1.7 cm. long; lip replicate. E. sarcostalix 81b. Leaves linear or lanceolate-linear; flowers small, about 8.5 mm. or less long; lip concave 82 82a. Flowers 7-8.5 mm. long; lateral sepals with a prominent denticulate keel above E. f rigidum var. stenophyton (E. stenophyton) SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 397 82b. Flowers 4.8 mm. or less long; lateral sepals without a prominent denticulate keel E. gramineum 1 83a. Flowers small, sepals 8 mm. or less long; lamina of the lip subcuneate to rounded at the base, shortly bicarinate near the base. E. fimbriatum var. rhomboglossum (E. rhomboglossum, E. integrilabium) 83b. Flowers larger, sepals (when mature) 10 mm. or more long; lamina of the lip cordate or cordate-truncate at the base, either naked or bicallose below. . 84 84a. Leaves strict (rarely strictly ascending), small (up to 5 cm. long), the mar- gins entirely cartilaginous-erose. E. pachychilum (E. aquaticoides var. pusillum) 84b. Leaves conspicuously spreading, mostly larger, the margins chiefly entire . . 85 85a. Inflorescence shorter than the uppermost leaf; leaves obtuse, not narrowed to an acute apex E. xylostachyum 85b. Inflorescence longer than the uppermost leaf, usually much so; leaves acute. . 86 86a. Leaves elliptic to oval (rarely elliptic-oblong); anther long-rostrate; petals narrowly linear 7. rostrigerum Leaves oblong-lanceolate; anther not long-rostrate; petals not narrowly linear 87 Petals elliptic-lanceolate, little narrower than the sepals; lip provided with a thickened median line E. dermatanthum Petals linear to elliptic-linear, markedly narrower than the sepals; lip with- out a thickened median line E. rigidiflorum Inflorescences lateral, consisting of naked racemes on the leafy stem .... 89 Inflorescences terminal (often at the apex of short lateral branches) .... 90 Lateral lobes of the lip irregularly erose; mid-lobe of the lip obovate-reni- form; petals spatulate or linear-spa tulate; column nearly straight. E. bambusiforme Lateral lobes of the lip entire; mid-lobe of the lip subquadrate; petals linear or oblanceolate-linear; column strongly deflexed in the middle. .E. exaltatum Peduncle below the inflorescence enveloped by several to many close sheaths which are commonly tubular and scarious; if the close sheaths are condu pli- cate, the peduncle is commonly strongly ancipitous 91 Peduncle below the inflorescence not enveloped by several close, tubular, scarious sheaths; whatever sheaths occur are loose and commonly condupli- cate, spathaceous and usually more or less spreading 113 Basal portion of the lamina of the lip with entire margins 92 Basal portion of the lamina of the lip crenulate to lacerate or lobulate ... 94 Flower-clusters densely flowered; mid-lobe of the lip transverse, i.e., broader than long 93 Flower-clusters very loosely flowered; mid-lobe of the lip not transverse, tri- angular-linear to narrowly deltoid, very fleshy. E. yatapuense (E. laxum, E. macrothyrsis) Peduncle terete or nearly so; disc of the lip bicallose at the base; leaves thickly fleshy, vernicose E. rectopedunculatum Peduncle ancipitous; disc of the lip ecallose; leaves subcoriaceous to coria- ceous, dull E. anceps Apex of the lip terminating in a pair of linear, spreading lobules; inflores- cence a divaricate, loosely flowered panicle E. capricornu This species very rarely has simple racemes. 398 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 94b. Apex of the lip not terminating in a pair of linear, spreading lobules; inflores- cence racemose or paniculate, commonly with densely flowered clusters. .95 95a. Disc of the lip with a solitary, prominent central keel or thickened line between the basal calli 96 95b. Disc of the lip without a solitary, prominent central keel or thickened line between the basal calli 101 96a. Stem bulbose-thickened or fusiform-thickened at the base; lip conspicuously transverse, i.e., much broader than long. E, Funkii (E. brachydadium, E. crassipes, E. brachycladium var. crassipes) 96b. Stem not noticeably thickened at the base; lip not conspicuously transverse, i.e., at most but little broader than long 97 97a. Leaves linear or linear-oblong; petals twice as broad as the sepals; lateral lobes of the lip dwarf, often indistinct E. imatophyllum 97b. Leaves oblong to oval; petals at most little broader than the sepals; lateral lobes of the lip well-developed, i.e., nearly as large as or larger than the mid-lobe 98 98a. Lateral lobes of the lip deeply laciniate-incised; mid-lobe of the lip notice- ably smaller, contracted below the apex E. cinnabarinum 98b. Lateral lobes of the lip dentate to shallowly incised; mid-lobe of the lip usu- ally subequally large 99 99a. Mid-lobe of the lip sessile or without a prominent claw below the apical dilation E. ibaguense var. confluens (E. fulgens, E. calanthum, E. paytense, E. Filomenoi) 99b. Mid-lobe of the lip with a prominent claw below the apical dilation. . . . 100 lOOa. Sepals and petals obtuse to acute; apex of the mid-lobe of the lip obtuse or retuse and without a prominent apicule. E. ibaguense (E. radicans, E. decipiens, E. huanucoense) lOOb. Sepals and petals acuminate; apex of the mid-lobe of the lip acute or with a conspicuous apicule. . .E. ibaguense var. Schomburgkii (E. Schomburgkii) lOla. Lip with 2 or 3 keels or fleshy ridges above the base 102 lOlb. Lip without keels or fleshy ridges, but provided with variously shaped calli below 105 102a. Mid-lobe of the lip rhombic, strongly acute; sepals 2 cm. or more long. E. Weberbauerianum 102b. Mid-lobe of the lip oblong-obovate to obcordate, deeply bilobed; sepals 1.5 cm. or less long 103 103a. Lateral lobes of the lip strongly reflexed, oval in outline; mid-lobe oblong- obovate, clawed, with the apical lobules porrect; flowers scarlet and yellow E. reflexilobum 103b. Lateral lobes of the lip not reflexed, subquadrate or cuneate to dolabriform; mid-lobe obcordate, with the apical lobules spreading; flowers purple . . . 104 104a. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, 14 mm. long E. tricarinatum 104b. Petals oblong-obovate, 8-12 mm. long E. macrocyphum 105a. Mid-lobe of the lip entire, not transverse E. catillus 105b. Mid-lobe of the lip crenate to lacerate, commonly dilated above 106 106a. Mid-lobe ligulate-cuneate, 5-dentate in front E. panchrysum 106b. Mid-lobe not ligulate-cuneate, apex usually truncate to retuse or bilobed. . 107 107a. Callus of the lip spreading onto the lateral lobes 108 107b. Callus of the lip not spreading onto the lateral lobes Ill SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 399 108a. Mid-lobe of the lip 4-lobed; lateral divisions of the callus prostrate on the lateral lobes E. tricrure 108b. Mid-lobe of the lip simple or more commonly bilobed; lateral divisions of the callus not markedly prostrate 109 109a. Lobes of the lip dentate-crenate; mid-lobe of the callus about reaching the middle of the mid-lobe E. haematanthum 109b. Lobes of the lip sharp-dentate to lacerate 110 llOa. Callus of the lip relatively very large, almost reaching the apex of the mid- lobe, concave E. cochlidium 11 Ob. Callus of the lip smaller, not approaching the apex of the mid-lobe, not markedly concave E. dichotomum 1 (E. brachyphyllum, E. Lindenii, E. cuzcoense, E. tarmense, E. inconstans) Ilia. Lateral lobes of the lip retrorse; flowers fleshy E. Giroudianum lllb. Lateral lobes of the lip not retrorse 112 112a. Callus of the lip hippocrepiform, lobulate, depressed; flowers small, sepals about 6 mm. long; lateral lobes of the lip obliquely triangular-ovate. E. gracilicaule 112b. Callus of the lip not hippocrepiform, ovate or ovate-oblong in outline; flowers commonly larger; lateral lobes of the lip not triangular-ovate. E. xanthinum 2 113a. Flower-cluster 1-flowered or subumbellate with an abbreviated rachis. . 114 113b. Flower-cluster neither 1-flowered nor subumbellate, either racemose or paniculate, with a distinct rachis 124 114a. Mid-lobe of the lip linear to lanceolate 115 114b. Mid-lobe of the lip not linear to lanceolate 118 115a. Plant dwarf, 7.5 cm. or less high; stems commonly much branched; leaves horizontally spreading E. nanum 115b. Plant tall, 14 cm. or much more high (including the flowers); stems always simple; leaves not horizontally spreading 116 116a. Lateral lobes of the lip deeply lacerate-fimbriate E. criniferum 116b. Lateral lobes of the lip not deeply lacerate-fimbriate, at most denticulate. .117 117a. Plant slender; leaves linear to elliptic-linear, strict; sepals 2.5-3.5 cm. long. E. nocturnum var. minus (E. longicolle) lllb. Plant usually stout; leaves oblong to oval, spreading; sepals mostly 4 cm. or more long E. nocturnum 118a. Plant dwarf, up to 4.5 cm. tall; lower portion of the lip lacerate-dentate. E. laceratum 118b. Plant not dwarf; lower portion of the lip more or less entire 119 119a. Lip longer than broad (not transverse); mid-lobe ovate. E. geminiflorum (E. cajamarcae) 119b. Lip broader than long (transverse) 120 1 This concept is very variable in respect to the degree of laceration of the lip and to the size and lobing of the callus and may prove to include E. cochlidium. In similar status appear to be E. tricrure and E. haematanthum. However, since we lack typical material of these concepts, it seems unwise to attempt reduction. 2 This species probably includes the concepts E. incisum Reichb. f. & Warsc., E. xytriophorum Reichb. f. & Warsc. and E. macropodum Reichb. f., which, although represented in the Ames herbarium by records of the type collections with floral analyses, seem to defy satisfactory separation. 400 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 120a. Stems branched (commonly much so); racemes numerous, peduncled, spreading or nodding 121 120b. Stems simple, commonly caespitose; racemes solitary 122 121a. Lobes of the lip more or less obtuse, with the mid-lobe retuse . . .E. soratae 121b. Lobes of the lip acute, subequal E. physopus 1 122a. Leaf solitary E. unifoliatum 122b. Leaves several to numerous 123 123a. Flowers congested, without a distinct rachis E. difforme 123b. Flowers not congested, with a distinct, if short, rachis E. inamoenum 124a. Lower portion of the lamina of the lip deeply divided to fimbriate or lacerate 125 124b. Lower portion of the lamina of the lip not deeply divided to fimbriate . . 128 125a. Lamina of the lip subsimple to trilobulate 126 125b. Lamina of the lip deeply 3- or more-lobed 127 126a. Plant slender, leaves 8 mm. or less wide; lateral sepals 7-8 mm. long. E. blepharichilum 126b. Plant stout, leaves 12 mm. or more wide; lateral sepals 10-15 mm. long. E. blepharichilum var. majus 127a. Sepals acuminate; terminal lobe of the lip narrowly linear and entire. E. criniferum 127b. Sepals obtuse to acute; terminal lobe of the lip cuneate and bilobed at the apex E. cristatum (E. raniferum, E. validum) 128a. Bracts of the inflorescence large, papyraceous and imbricating, concealing the rachis; lip subtrilobed, altogether crenate E. arundinaceum 128b. Bracts of the inflorescence neither large and papyraceous, nor imbricating, nor concealing the rachis 129 129a. Peduncle without sheaths below the inflorescence, sometimes with a few inconspicuous bracts 130 129b. Peduncle with one or more loose sheaths or spathes (usually prominent) below the inflorescence; sometimes these are evanescent (cf. E. gladi- atum) 150 130a. Mid-lobe of the lip transverse, i.e., much broader than long 131 130b. Mid-lobe of the lip not transverse, i.e., longer than broad 137 131a. Anterior portion of the lip much narrower than the basal portion 132 13 Ib. Anterior portion of the lip almost as broad as the basal portion or broader. 134 132a. Lip adnate to the column only at the base; leaves linear. . .E. subliberum 132b. Lip adnate to the column nearly or quite to the apex; leaves oblong to elliptic . 133 133a. Inflorescence much longer than the leaves, loosely paniculate and many- flowered; lamina of the lip more or less distinctly 3-lobed E. crassum 133b. Inflorescence abbreviated, subequaling the leaves or shorter, racemose and few-flowered; lamina of the lip subsimple E. subreniforme 134a. Disc of the lip traversed by 3 approximate, fleshy keels or ridges produced between the 2 basal calli; mid-lobe extended into a pair of widely diverging to retrorse narrow lobules 135 1 It seems highly probable that this concept is synonymous with the variable E. soratae, but without a chance to examine actual flowers, reduction appears unwise. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 401 134b. Disc of the lip not traversed by 3 approximate, fleshy ridges; mid-lobe not extended into a pair of narrow lobules 136 135a. Flowers relatively large, sepals 8.2 mm. or more long; basal callus bilobed. E. paniculatum (E. floribundum) 135b. Flowers very small, sepals 5 mm. long; basal callus trilobulate. E. paniculatum var. linearifoUum 136a. Leaves linear, 18 cm. or more long; racemes arcuate-decurved, much shorter than the upper leaves; petals elliptic E. bambusaceum 136b. Leaves ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 3.5 cm. or less long; racemes erect, surpassing the upper leaves; petals narrowly oblanceolate . . . .E. Philippii 1 137a. Pedicellate ovary tomentose 138 137b. Pedicellate ovary glabrous 139 138a. Leaves shortly oblong or elliptic-oblong; floral bracts about half as long as the pedicellate ovary or more; mid-lobe of the lip slightly broader than long (near the apex) E. pubiflorum 138b. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; floral bracts much shorter than the pedicellate ovary; mid-lobe of the lip distinctly longer than broad. E. lanipes 139a. Rachis of the raceme ancipitous below; leaves confined to the upper por- tions of the stems or branches 140 139b. Rachis of the raceme (or panicle) not ancipitous below; leaves commonly distributed throughout the stem 141 140a. Floral bracts many times shorter than the pedicellate ovary; flowers mem- branaceous; mid-lobe of the lip well developed E. oligophyllum 140b. Floral bracts equaling the pedicellate ovary; flowers very coriaceous; mid- lobe of the lip reduced to a small tooth E. Lechleri* 141a. Inflorescence paniculate 142 141b. Inflorescence racemose 144 142a. Leaves elongate-linear; stem fusiform; mid-lobe of the lip narrowed above with an acute apex E. purum 142b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate; stem not fusiform; mid-lobe of the lip truncate or retuse (and often apiculate) above 143 143a. Leaf -sheaths glabrous; sepals about 15 mm. or more long. E. Haenkeanum (E. juninense) 143b. Leaf-sheaths conspicuously rough or pustulose; sepals about 9 mm. or less long E. scabrum (E. cardiophyllum) 144a. Sheathed stems conspicuously pustulose-scabrous; leaves ovate to ovate- lanceolate, sharply acute or short-acuminate E. scabrum 144b. Sheathed stems not pustulose (at most rugose); leaves not ovate, if ovate- lanceolate then strongly obtuse 145 145a. Lateral sepals terminating in a long, fleshy cusp E. biroslratum 145b. Lateral sepals not terminating in a long cusp 146 146a. Flowers relatively large, sepals 16 mm. or more long 147 146b. Flowers relatively small, sepals 11 mm. or less long 148 1 The position of this species in the key was determined from a record of the type in the Reichenbach Herbarium. 2 Of this species I have seen only a rough drawing in which the floral details are obscure. 402 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 147a. Petals much narrower than the sepals; mid-lobe of the lip much larger than the lateral lobes E. elatum 147b. Petals about as broad as the sepals or broader; mid-lobe of the lip much smaller than the lateral lobes E. inamoenum var. robustum 148a. Stems simple, stout (commonly 6 mm. or more across the leaf -sheaths) ; lip with a pair of fleshy ridges below and a median thickening above. E. inamoenum 148b. Stems branched (commonly much so), slender (about 5 mm. or less across the leaf -sheaths) ; lip sharply 3-lobed. .'. 149 149a. Racemes surpassing the leaf; floral bracts broadly ovate, subremote; flowers fleshy E. carnosiflorum 149b. Racemes shorter than the leaf or leaves; floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, approximate; flowers membranaceous E. fruticulus 150a. Mid-lobe of the lip distinctly narrowed near or below the apex, linear- lanceolate to ovate in outline, commonly acute or acuminate 151 150b. Mid-lobe of the lip not distinctly narrowed above, often cuneate, retuse or divaricately bilobed 162 151a. Inflorescence consisting of several pendent racemes issuing from large fal- cate spathes E. Ruizianum (E. spathaceum) 151b. Inflorescence consisting of a single raceme or panicle; peduncle with 1-3 spathes 152 152a. Pedicellate ovary elongate, 3.2 cm. or more long 153 152b. Pedicellate ovary relatively short, about 2 cm. or less long 154 153a. Flowers green and white; sepals 3 cm. long; rachis of the inflorescence few- flowered, much shorter than the leaves E. euspathum 153b. Flowers purplish crimson; sepals 2.2 cm. or less long; rachis of the inflores- cence many-flowered, commonly much surpassing the leaves. E. Friderici-Guilielmi 154a. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate to oblong-elliptic, commonly 2 cm. or more wide 155 154b. Leaves linear or oblong to lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, commonly 1.9 cm. or less wide 157 155a. Peduncle entirely concealed by 2 or 3 erect, imbricating spathes; raceme dense; lobes of the lip subequal E. strictiforme 155b. Peduncle with one small spathe; raceme (or panicle) not densely flowered. . 156 156a. Lateral lobes of the lip much larger than the mid-lobe, dentate. E. mesomicron 156b. Lateral lobes of the lip not much larger than the mid-lobe, nearly entire. E. ampliracemum 157a. Inflorescence short, up to 6 cm. long 158 157b. Inflorescence elongate, commonly 10 cm. or more long; mid-lobe of the lip acute or acuminate 159 158a. Leaves linear, acute, 8-12 cm. long; flowers loose; lip ovate in outline, 3-lobed near the base E. panicoides 158b. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6 cm. or less long; flowers dense; lip obovate in outline, 3-lobed in front E. smaragdinum 159a. Flowers very small, sepals 5 mm. or less long; lamina of the lip with a single large, ovate callus between the lateral lobes E. armeniacum 159b. Flowers larger, sepals about 7 mm. or more long; lip without a single ovate callus between the lateral lobes . . . . 160 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 403 160a. Stem branching below; mid-lobe of the lip ovate or broadly ovate. E. brachyglossum 160b. Stem simple; mid-lobe of the lip linear-lanceolate, linear-triangular or tri- quetrous 161 161a. Lateral lobes of the lip subquadrate, provided with a triangular, prostrate, extrorse callus; leaves narrowly linear, up to 8 mm. wide. . .E. glossoceras 1 161b. Lateral lobes of the lip rounded, transversely oblong-elliptic to semiorbicu- lar, without a triangular, extrorse callus. E. cornutum (E. anthoceros, E. Pavonianum, E. melinoacron) 162a. Terminal lobe of the lip not transverse, i.e., longer than broad or slightly broader than long in greatest width 163 162b. Terminal lobe of the lip markedly transverse, i.e., broader than long. . .174 163a. Spathes on the peduncle large, prominent, foliaceous, strict, commonly obtuse or subacute 164 163b. Spathes on the peduncle small, mostly inconspicuous and scarious, atten- uate above 170 164a. Inflorescence racemose 165 164b. Inflorescence paniculate, diffuse 169 165a. Lateral lobes of the lip narrow, antrorsely falcate 166 165b. Lateral lobes of the lip broad, rounded or dolabriform 167 166a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; inflorescence strictly erect; apex of the lip di- vided into a pair of subrounded lobules E. cylindraceum 166b. Leaves linear or ligulate; inflorescence arcuate to nodding; apex of the lip not divided into a pair of subrounded lobules E. cylindrostachys 167a. Leaves markedly attenuate toward the apex; sepals merely acute. E. modestum 167b. Leaves not attenuate above, rounded to acute 168 168a. Inflorescence elongate, 24 cm. or more long, densely many-flowered; lateral sepals abruptly acuminate E. raphidophorum 168b. Inflorescence short, 9.5 cm. or less long, loosely few- (up to 13-) flowered; sepals acute E. refractoides var. humile 169a. Leaves oblong, not conspicuously narrowed above, excised at the broadly rounded apex; mid-lobe of the lip cuneate, usually prominently dilated above, exapiculate or with a short, inconspicuous apicule in the middle. E. excisum 169b. Leaves prominently attenuate above, without an excised apex; mid-lobe of the lip not prominently dilated above, with a conspicuous apicule in the middle E. modestum 170a. Leaves linear or oblong-linear, essentially with parallel sides, commonly fleshy 171 170b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, without parallel sides, subcoriaceous or coriaceous 172 171 a. Raceme always solitary; rachis stout; lateral sepals terminating in a promi- nent fleshy cusp; lip with a large, fleshy, ovate and depressed callus in the center E. birostratum 1 This species, of which I have seen only a drawing with floral analysis from the Reichenbach Herbarium, may prove to be a form of the variable E. cornutum, although this species is said to have flowers only one third as large as those of E. cornutum. 404 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 171b. Racemes usually fascicled; rachis slender; lateral sepals not terminating in an elongate cusp; lip with a pair of small calli at the base. E. gladiatum (E. vandifolium, E. Juergensenii) 172a. Mid-lobe of the lip deeply divided into a pair of suborbicular or rounded- oblong, spreading lobules; inflorescence a loosely flowered, commonly elon- gate, pendent raceme. E. moyobambae (E. subpatens, E. benignum, E. amazonicum) 172b. Mid-lobe of the lip not deeply divided into a pair of spreading lobules, at most retuse; inflorescence a short, lax raceme or a spreading panicle ... 173 173a. Leaf-sheaths pustulose-scabrous; inflorescence subequaling the leaves; lat- eral lobes of the lip smaller than the mid-lobe E. Lima 173b. Leaf-sheaths smooth; inflorescence conspicuously surpassing the leaves; lateral lobes of the lip larger than the mid-lobe. E. Haenkeanum (E. juninense) 174a. Mid-lobe of the lip obcordate or divided into a pair of rounded or oblong- rounded lobules 175 174b. Mid-lobe of the lip not obcordate nor divided into a pair of rounded lobules. . 177 175a. Leaf -sheaths finely pustulose-scabrous; rachis of the inflorescence shorter than or subequaling the leaves, racemes single or several and fascicled. E. Tessmannii 175b. Leaf-sheaths smooth; rachis of the inflorescence commonly much longer than the leaves 176 176a. Inflorescence erect, loosely paniculate, subtended by a prominent loose spathe E. tenuispathum 176b. Inflorescence nodding, laxly racemose, with 1 to several, usually minute sheaths at the base. E. moyobambae 1 (E. subpatens, E. benignum, E. amazonicum) 177a. Leaves broadly obtuse to rounded at the apex, oblong-elliptic to elliptic- ovate or oval 178 177b. Leaves acute to acuminate; lip sharply 3- or more-lobed 179 178a. Plant small, about 19 cm. or less tall; peduncle with but 1 spathe; inflores- cence a simple raceme; mid-lobe of the lip distinct. E. refractoides var. humile 178b. Plant tall, about 57 cm. high; peduncle with 3 spathes; inflorescence an elongate, virgate panicle; mid-lobe of the lip indistinct E. refractoides 179a. Lamina of the lip broadly cuneate toward the base, sharply 3-lobed in front, disc without a large ovate callus; inflorescence nodding, shorter than the leaves E. smaragdinum 179b. Lamina of the lip rounded to cordate at the base (if narrowed toward the base, the disc provided with a large ovate callus or a cluster of 3 approxi- mate keels); inflorescence erect or somewhat decurved 180 180a. Disc of the lip with a pair of elongate, spreading, complanate calli at the base and a median fleshy- thickened line; mid-lobe of the lip shallowly transverse-oblong or reniform, not cuneate E. liguliferum 180b. Disc of the lip without a pair of elongate, spreading basal calli, or, if so, with 3 approximate, fleshy, median ridges; mid-lobe of the lip transverse- cuneate or divaricately bilobed 181 181a. Center of the disc of the lip occupied by a single large, ovate callus .... 182 1 Rarely the rachis of the raceme is about equal to the leaves. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 405 181b. Center of the disc of the lip occupied anteriorly by 3 approximate, fleshy ridges, and basally by a pair of calli or by a bilobed or trilobed callus; mid- lobe of the lip a little narrower to much broader than the lateral lobes . . 183 182a. Mid-lobe of the lip entire, small, transversely cuneate E. Macbridei 182b. Mid-lobe of the lip deeply bilobed, consisting of a pair of divaricate, linear or lanceolate-linear lobules E. capricornu 183a. Mid-lobe of the lip with a distinct quadrate claw; lateral lobes with a con- cave posterior margin E. paniculatum var. unguiculatum 183b. Mid-lobe of the lip sessile or subsessile; lateral lobes with a more or less convex posterior margin 184 184a. Flowers relatively large, sepals 8.2 mm. or more long; basal callus bilobed. E. paniculatum (E. floribundum) 184b. Flowers very small, sepals 5 mm. long; basal callus trilobulate. .E. panic- ulatum var. linearifolium (E. parviflorum, E. gratiosum, E. gratiosum var. linearifolium, E. patulipetalum) Epidendrum acuminatum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. etChil. 1:248. 1798. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Huassa-Huassi, toward the Siusa River, on rocks in mountains, Pavdn s.n. Huanuco, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 145. 1921. Also Ecuador, fide Schlech- ter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 8: 134. 1921. This species, of which we have a photograph of the type specimen, is probably identical with the more adequately represented E. cornu- tum Lindl. Epidendrum adenoglossum Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 86. 1841; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 45, no. 139. 1853. Stem stout, distichously leafy (incomplete in the type). Leaves distichous, linear-oblong to elliptic-linear, broadly obtuse, up to 15 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, clasping at the base, widely spreading. Inflorescence terminal, simple, flexuose, racemose, about 17 cm. long; peduncle clothed with a prominent, ancipitous spathe about 5.5 cm. long. Raceme rather densely many-flowered, about 10 cm. long. Flowers small. Dorsal sepal ovate, acute, about 5 mm. long. Lateral sepals some- what larger, obliquely ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute. Petals linear-oblanceolate, acute. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina simple, linear-oblong, obtuse, the basal half provided with a pair of lamellate calli and a smaller one projecting between them. Column short, clavate. Peru: Near Pangoa, Mathews 1073 (type). Loreto, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 145. 1921. Description compiled chiefly from a photograph of the type bear- ing a floral analysis, from the Lindley Herbarium. Epidendrum aggregatum Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 84. 1841; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 92, no. 296. 1853. 406 FIELDI ANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Stem slender or stout, apparently tall (incomplete in the type and in the speci- men seen) , entirely concealed by leaf -sheaths. Leaves numerous, distichous, linear- lanceolate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, up to 15.3 cm. long and 2.7 cm. wide, acuminate, deeply clasping at the base, the lower blades much smaller. Inflorescences lateral from the stem between the leaves, abbreviated, few-flowered (corymbose), subtended by several short, imbricating sheaths. Flow- ers medium-sized, long-pedicelled, with revolute segments. Dorsal sepal elliptic- lanceolate, acute, about 12 mm. long. Lateral sepals a little larger, obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, acute. Petals oblanceolate-spatulate. Lip adnate to the col- umn up to its apex; lamina simple, suborbicular, deeply cordate below, bilamellate at the base, about 7.5 mm. long and broad. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 1901 (type). Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 145. 1921. Also Colombia. This description was prepared from a photograph of the type, in addition to a Colombian collection referred to this species (von Schneidern 855}. Epidendrum ampliracemum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 21:682, t., 1952. Figure 75. Plant large, about 42 cm. high (the basal portion incomplete in our specimen). Stem decumbent below, entirely concealed by tubular leaf-sheaths which are scari- ous below and green and leaf -bearing above. Leaves few (about 4), distichous, spreading, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex and at the amplexicaul base, variable in size, up to 13.2 cm. long and 4.4 cm. wide (the apical blade). Inflorescence strict, racemose above, about 19 cm. long; peduncle with a small, scarious sheath below the middle; raceme subdensely many-flowered, about 15.2 cm. long. Flowers medium-sized, rather fleshy, with spreading segments. Floral bracts small, distinct, narrowly triangular-lanceolate. Pedicellate ovary, up to 2 cm. long. Dorsal sepal (when expanded) oblanceolate, subacute or obtuse and dorsally mucronate, about 18 mm. long. Lateral sepals equally long but slightly wider, obliquely oblong-oblanceolate, sharply acute. Petals about as long as the sepals, obliquely linear-oblanceolate, subacute to obtuse. Lip adnate to the col- umn up to its apex; lamina conspicuously 3-lobed; lateral lobes reduplicate in natural position, suborbicular-dolabriform, with obscurely irregular margins, about 4.7 mm. long and 6 mm. wide; mid-lobe subquadrate-ovate, abruptly subacute, somewhat smaller than the lateral lobes; disc bicallose at the base, with a central thickened line extending nearly to the tip. Column large, arcuate, dilated above, up to 13 mm. long. Huanuco: Carpish Pass, 84 km. from Tingo Maria, on highway to Lima, about 2750 meters, Allard 21002a. Epidendrum anceps Jacq. Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 224, 1. 138. 1763; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 114. 1898. Epidendrum fus- catum Sm. Spicil. Bot. 21: t. 23. 1792. Plant small to large, caespitose from an abbreviated rhizome, about 12 cm.- 10 dm. tall, very variable throughout. Stem compressed, leafy except at the base, EPIDENDRUM FIG. 75. Epidendrum ampliracemum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1 A. 2, flower, expanded; X lj^. 3, column, lip and a lateral sepal, three quarters view; X IK- 407 408 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 entirely concealed by sheaths. Leaves distichous, few to numerous, linear-elliptic (rarely linear-oblong) to oblong or oval, often broader above the middle, up to 22 cm. long and 4.3 cm. wide, acute, obtuse or rounded at the apex. Inflorescence terminal, commonly elongate and more or less surpassing the leaves, enveloped by several long, close, compressed sheaths, bearing one or several compact, more or less distant, subcapitate racemes. Flowers small, green, greenish brown, reddish, yellowish or lavender, more or less fleshy. Dorsal sepal oblong-obovate to elliptic, shortly acuminate to subobtuse, up to 7.2 mm. (rarely 10 mm.) long. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-elliptic, elliptic-obovate or obovate-oblong, shortly acuminate to subobtuse, commonly slightly broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear to oblanceolate-linear or elliptic-linear, acute to truncate-obtuse. Lip adnate to the column nearly to its apex; lamina cordate-reniform or cordate-ovate in outline, more or less sharply 3-lobed, 2-6 mm. long, 3.5-7.8 mm. wide; lateral lobes rounded or subquadrate; mid-lobe transversely oblong to quadrate, truncate-re tuse and commonly apiculate at the apex (rarely broadly ovate and obtuse); disc fleshy, smooth and without calli. Column sigmoid, dilated above. Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Tingo Maria, epiphyte in forest, Asplund 13199. Junin: Rio Paucartambo Valley, near Perene Bridge, 700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25253. Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte on river side, Klug 10039. San Martin : Pongo de Cainarachi, Rio Cainarachi, tributary of Rio Huallaga, about 230 meters, in forest, Klug 2602. A widespread and variable species extending from Florida (U.S.A.), the West Indies (type of E. anceps and E. fuscatum) and Central America through Colombia and Venezuela to Brazil and Peru. Epidendrum aquaticoides C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 11: 81, t. 12. 1943. Figure 76. Plant robust, epiphytic, up to 60 cm. or more tall including the inflorescence. Stem stout, with two short ascending branches near the base, entirely concealed by tubular, striate, imbricating sheaths which are leaf-bearing except at the base of the stem and branches. Leaves numerous, distichous, ovate-lanceolate or ovate- oblong, subacute and mucronate, clasping at the base, up to 8.8 cm. long and 2 cm. wide (often much smaller), coriaceous, rigidly suberect. Inflorescence terminal, arcuate-flexuous, about 16 cm. long, paniculate with ascending few- to several- flowered branches; rachis more or less fractiflex. Floral bracts spreading, ovate, acuminate, concave, slightly shorter than the pedicellate ovary. Flowers small, rather loose, numerous, fleshy, orange-red. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, subobtuse, about 8.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely and broadly ovate, acute, distinctly larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear or oblanceolate-linear, obtuse, shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina concave- conduplicate and surrounding the apex of the column in natural position, simple, broadly ovate-cordate when expanded, obtuse, about 6.3 mm. long in the middle and almost 10 mm. wide if spread out; disc with a pair of small, fleshy, complanate calli at the base. Column stout, strongly dilated upward in front, terminating on each side in a very oblique, transverse, retuse auricle, about 5.2 mm. long at the back. ao FIG. 76. Epidendrum aquaticoides C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X K. 2, flower, from above, expanded; X 2. 3, lip and column from side; X 2. 409 410 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, on trail from Puyupata to Sayac- marca, 3600 meters, Vargas 2906. Epidendrum ardens Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 526. 1906. Plant stout, up to 40 cm. tall. Stem simple below, commonly somewhat branched above, more or less entirely concealed by leaf-sheaths. Leaves numer- ous, distichous, short, usually equitant and recurved in the dried specimen, strongly clasping below, ovate to oblong-lanceolate when expanded, acute or apiculate from a dorsal keel, up to 3.4 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide when expanded. Inflorescence a several- to many-flowered raceme which is loose below and dense above, up to 6 cm. long, erect to nodding, with an abbreviated and naked peduncle. Floral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about equaling or surpassing the pedicellate ovary, spreading. Flowers small, scarlet to orange-yellow. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate- oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, navicular, complicate-acute, up to 10 mm. long. Lat- eral sepals slightly larger, obliquely oblong-oblanceolate, navicular, alate-carinate with the keel produced into a mucro. Petals oblanceolate-linear to cuneate-oblan- ceolate, acute, slightly oblique, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina "suborbicular" to cordate-reniform, slightly emarginate and often apiculate in the middle, with the margins irregularly cren- ulate, up to 7 mm. in greatest length (including a broad auricle) and 10.2 mm. wide; disc bicallose at the base, with a short median thickened line. Column long, almost equaling the sepals, narrowly winged on each side, up to 9 mm. long. Cuzco: Beyond Yanamanche, road from Cuzco to Santa Ana, 3300-3400 meters, in stream-side thickets consisting of sclerophyllous and thin-leaved vegetation, Weberbauer 4978 (type). Paucartambo, Tres Cruces, 3600 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 2054- Prov. of Uru- bamba, near Wenner Gren ruins, 3400-3600 meters, in wet sphag- num on trees, Metcalf 30748, 30751. "Valle de Santa Ana, alturas del Chaco," Herrera 2113, 2124 (Bues coll.). Epidendrum armeniacum LindL Bot. Reg. 22: t. 1867. 1836; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 49, no. 153. 1853; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 92. 1898. Encyclia macrostachya Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 11, t. 114. 1838. Plant small, slender, up to 30 cm. high, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems numerous, caespitose, up to 24 cm. long (usually much less), terete below, com- pressed above, entirely covered with sheaths, loosely 2- to 5-leaved above. Leaves distichous, elliptic-linear to oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, cuneate and clasping below, up to 14 cm. long and 16 mm. wide (the lower blades much smaller). Inflorescence terminal, up to 18 cm. long, erect or arcuate; peduncle bearing 1-2 prominent, compressed, commonly imbricating spathes; raceme densely many-flowered, up to 11 cm. long; floral bracts slender, surpassing the pedicellate ovary. Flowers minute, yellow-green to orange. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 4 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate, a little larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals narrowly linear, often slightly dilated above, acute. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina fleshy, SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 411 sharply 3-lobed, up to 2.8 (4) mm. in greatest length; lateral lobes basal, auriculate, rounded to subquadrate, erect; mid-lobe narrowly triangular or linear-triangular; disc with a large ovate, excavated callus between the lateral lobes. Column very short and stout, dilated upward, 2 mm. or less long at the back. Cuzco : Prov. of Convencion, Valle Lucumayo, Amaibamba, 1700 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 4227. Huanuco: Toward Cuchero (Co- chero), epiphyte in transandine woods, Poeppig 1585 (type of Ency- clia macrostachya) . San Martin: San Roque, 1350-1500 meters, in "rough pasture," Williams 7422. Also Brazil (type of Epidendrum armeniacum) and Bolivia. Epidendrum arundinaceum Lehm. & Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 26: 471. 1899. Plant tall, about 10.8 dm. high, from a stout, woody rhizome. Stem about 93.5 cm. high, leafless below but covered by close, scarious, evanescent sheaths, toward the apex provided with 3 to 6 leaves. Leaves loose, distichous, linear-lan- ceolate, long-acuminate, cuneate below to a clasping base, up to 25.8 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Inflorescence a large virgate panicle (rarely a raceme), about 30 cm. high. Rachis almost entirely concealed by large, whitish, paleaceous, imbricating, sheath-like bracts. Flowers rather large for the genus, with reflexed sepals and petals. Sepals linear-oblong from a slightly narrower base, acute, about 2 cm. long, the lateral ones oblique. Petals linear or oblanceolate-linear, acute, a little shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina entire or subtri- lobed, cochleate, ovate-reniform in outline, broadly rounded in front, deeply cor- date at the base, with the margins (except at the apex and base) erose-crenate, about 1.3 cm. long from the tip of a basal auricle to the apex of the lamina and about as wide when expanded; disc bicallose at the base with 3 thickened lines above. Column elongate, arcuate, slightly dilated above, about 1.3 cm. long. Cajamarca, ex Kranzlin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 145. 1921. Colombia (type). Epidendrum bambusaceum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 80. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 116, nr. 456. 1929. Plant tall, epiphytic, from a short ascending rhizome, up to 90 cm. high. Stem simple, subterete, concealed by sheaths in the lower half, rather laxly several- leaved above. Leaves erect-spreading, narrowly linear, narrowed above, subob- tuse, 18-27 cm. long, 7-9 mm. wide. Racemes terminal, arcuate-decurved, laxly few-flowered, much shorter than the upper leaves, with the slender peduncle up to 5 cm. long. Floral bracts deltoid, much shorter than the pedicellate ovary. Flowers medium-sized. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic, irregularly marginate at the broadly obtuse apex, about 1.2 cm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-elliptic, obtusely apiculate, very obliquely adnate to the column. Petals obliquely elliptic, subobtuse, slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina subquadrate in outline, deeply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, about 6 mm. long and 14 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes obliquely dolabri- form, truncate in front, crenulate on the sides; mid-lobe very broadly rhombic- 412 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 reniform, a little narrower than the basal portion, retuse and bluntly apiculate; disc with a pair of short, semirhombic, emarginate calli at the base. Column short, stout, dilated above, auricled on each side, about 8.5 mm. long. Loreto: Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n. No specimens of this species were available. Epidendrum bambusiforme Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 27. 1916. Plant robust, up to 2.5 meters high. Stem stout, strict, simple, leafy, up to 1.3 cm. in diameter, entirely concealed by tubular leaf -sheaths. Leaves numerous, distichous, linear-lanceolate, very long-acuminate, up to 26.1 cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide near the base, erect-spreading, rigid. Racemes several, lateral, short, up to 9 cm. long, densely several- to many-flowered down to the base, nodding. Floral bracts short, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the pedicellate ovary. Flowers fleshy or cartilaginous, rather small, brown or greenish brown, the lip white spotted with brown. Dorsal sepal oblong-obovate, obtuse, up to 13 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic-obovate, subobtuse, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, gradually narrowed to a slender base, acute or obtuse, slightly oblique, distinctly shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, deeply 3-lobed, deeply cordate at the base, suborbicular in outline, up to 9 mm. in greatest length and slightly broader near the base; lateral lobes broadly dolabriform, irregularly erose-crenulate (or "incised") on the outer side; mid-lobe transverse, similar to the lateral lobes, retuse and bluntly apiculate in the sinus, broadly cuneate at the base; disc with a pair of complanate-subglobose calli at the base and 3 short thickened lines in front of them. Column short, stout, dilated above, auriculate on each side at the apex, up to 6 mm. long at the back. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, "Huinaihuaina," in forest, 2550 me- ters, Vargas 41 15. Junin: Prov. of Huancayo, Valley of the Paria- huanca, between Panti and Rocchac, 2500 meters, in sclerophyllous vegetation consisting of shrubs and trees, Weberbauer 6545 [6535?] (type). Epidendrum biflorum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:247. 1798. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, on rocky hills, Pavdn s.n. This is an obscure species. Since the completion of this enumeration, it has been pointed out by Mr. A. D. Hawkes, in Orquidea 18: 172. 1956, that this name is a homonym and he proposes for it the new name, E. peruvianum. Epidendrum birostratum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 11: 83, t. 13. 1943. Figure 77. Plant epiphytic, up to 1 meter high. Stem rigid, below often with a few short branches, altogether concealed by close, tubular, imbricating sheaths which are SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 413 leaf-bearing above. Leaves distichous, numerous, ascending, oblong or linear- oblong, subacute or obtuse, clasping at the base, up to 15.3 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence terminal, solitary, racemose, pendent, rather loosely several- (up to 14-) flowered, up to 14.5 cm. long. Floral bracts small, deltoid, acuminate. Flowers rather small, fleshy, with widely spreading segments, green and pink. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, acute and mucronate, up to 12.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals distinctly longer, ovate-lanceolate, concave, long-rostrate, up to 18 mm. long. Petals obovate-elliptic to spatulate-cuneate, subacute to obtuse, a little shorter and either broader or narrower than the dorsal sepal. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina deeply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, about 17.8 mm. in greatest length and somewhat broader; lateral lobes obliquely rounded-dolabriform; mid- lobe porrect, about as large as the lateral lobes, cuneate-subquadrate, slightly broader at the truncate apex, sinuately tridentate; disc in the center with a large, fleshy, subquadrate-ovate, depressed callus. Column very short and broad, ad- nate to the center of the lateral sepals up to about its middle, terminating on each side in an oblique, transverse auricle, about 7.7 mm. long in the middle. Apurimac: Prov. of Abancay, Ampay, epiphyte at 3200-3600 me- ters, Vargas 8394- Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Puyupata-Tunca- pata, 3200 meters, epiphytic in wet forest, Vargas 2927 (type) . Near Wenner Gren ruins, 3400-3600 meters, in very wet dense forest, Metcalf 30765. Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata (slopes), epiphyte at 2980 meters, Vargas 6108. (This collection lacks any perfect flowers.) Epidendrum blepharichilum Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 26. 1916. Plant slender, grass-like, up to over 60 cm. tall. Stems slender, branching near the rooting base with ascending branches, entirely concealed by close, evanescent sheaths which are leaf-bearing above, terete near the base, compressed above, the longest branches up to 39.3 cm. long. Leaves distichous, linear, more or less nar- rowed above with an acute or acuminate apex, strongly ascending, loose, up to 17 cm. long and 7 mm. wide. Inflorescence commonly paniculate with 2 or 3 strict branches, up to 17 cm. long, rather loosely few- to many-flowered; peduncle bear- ing a slender, elongate, appressed spathe. Floral bracts minute, setaceous, many times shorter than the pedicellate ovary. Flowers small, pale green. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate with a complicate apex, up to 7.9 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, sharply acute or acuminate, with a dorsal subapical keel, slightly larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely oblanceolate-linear, acute, shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina simple or subsimple, cordate-ovate, irregularly lacerate-dentate throughout, up to 6.4 mm. in greatest length and 5 mm. wide near the base; disc with a pair of flattened, fleshy calli at the base surrounding a central fleshy ridge extending to the apex where it forms a blunt apicule. Column strongly dilated above, arcuate, up to 4.5 mm. long at the back. Junin: Prov. of Jauja, right lateral valley of the Rio da Comas, north of Coma, 2600-2700 meters, in a copse in a watercourse, Weber- bauer 6612 (type). E^PIDE^NDRUM iro stratum &. FIG. 77. Epidendrum birostratum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X Yi. 2, flower from above, expanded; X 2. 414 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 415 Epidendrum blepharichilum Kranzl. var. majus C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 85. 1943. Plant differs from the species in its relatively robust habit, broader leaves and nearly twice larger flowers. Stems loosely branching, entirely concealed by tubular sheaths which are scari- ous and leafless below but green and leaf-bearing above, relatively stout. Leaves lanceolate-linear, narrowed to an acute point, up to 14 cm. long and 14 mm. wide. Inflorescence loosely paniculate, the 3 strict branches issuing from elongate-infun- dibuliform spathes that are produced into linear, foliaceous blades. Flowers rather fleshy. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate-elliptic, sharply acute, about 14 mm. long. Lat- eral sepals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, somewhat larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblanceolate-linear, acute, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip adnate to the column nearly up to its apex; lamina replicate in natural position, deeply cordate at the base, suborbicular in outline, retuse at the tip with a fleshy, recurved apicule, irregularly fringed throughout, about 13 mm. in greatest length and almost as broad, slightly constricted on each side above; disc bicallose at the base, with a central longitudinal, thickened portion. Column strongly dilated above, about 10 mm. long. Apurimac: Prov. of Abancay, Ampuy, 3200 meters, epiphytic on Podocarpus, "sepals and . . . petals reddish olivaceous, greener at tips; the fringed lip light lavender rose," Stork, Horton & Vargas 10611 (type) . Huanuco : Cani, 7 miles northeast of Mito, about 2600 me- ters, Macbride 3461. (This collection is intermediate between this variety and the species, but it more nearly approaches the variety.) Epidendrum brachyglossum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30, Misc. 83, no. 6. 1844; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 45, no. 140. 1853. Plant medium-sized with an ascending rhizome, about 30 cm. or more high. Stems solitary or in erect pairs, entirely concealed by sheaths, loosely 2- to 4-leaved above the middle. Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, abruptly obtuse to rounded at the apex, clasping at the base, up to 12 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Inflorescence terminal, suberect, to arcuate above, much exceeding the leaves, 15-22 cm. long; peduncle mostly concealed by a conspicuous, more or less narrow, conduplicate spathe; raceme loosely many-flowered. Floral bracts minute. Flowers small, fleshy. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, concave, acute, about 7 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblique. Petals linear to cuneate-oblanceolate, sub- acute. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina very small, about 3 mm. long, 3-lobed at the base, with minute, erect, auriculiform lateral lobes and a much larger ovate, acute mid-lobe; disc between the lateral lobes with a large 3-lobed fleshy callus. Column abbreviated, stout, slightly dilated upward, about 4 mm. long at the back. Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 146. 1921. Also Ecuador (type), Colombia and Bolivia. Epidendrum brevicaule Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 81. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 117, nr. 458. 1929. 416 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Plant low, epiphytic, with a divaricately branching rhizome. Stems short, erect, 3-4.5 cm. high, 5-8 cm. distant, densely 5- to 6-leafed, entirely concealed by the closely clasping leaf-sheaths. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, fleshy, up to 3.5 cm. long and 10 mm. wide in the middle, more or less spreading. Inflorescence terminal, 1-flowered, subsessile, about 1 cm. long, subtended by a compressed, obtuse spathe. Flower medium-sized, broadly campanulate, fleshy, yellowish brown. Dorsal sepal "oblong" or ovate-oblong, acute, somewhat con- cave, about 1.3 cm. long. Lateral sepals equally long, obliquely ovate-elliptic or "oblong." Petals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate or "lanceolate," acute, about as long as the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina simple, ovate, abruptly subacute, deeply cordate at the base, about 8 mm. long and 6.5 mm. wide near the base, lightly incurved or sinuate on each side, glabrous, with a pair of short compressed calli at the base. Column short, straight, dilated above, terminating in a transversely subquadrate auricle on each side, about 5 mm. long. Junin: On cliffs below Palca, 2200-2700 meters, Weberbauer 1787. No sample of this orchid was available. Epidendrum breviracemum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 139, t. 41. 1952. Figure 78. Plant small, epiphytic, up to 10 cm. high. Rhizome apparently abbreviated, woody. Pseudobulbs approximate, cylindric to fusiform, bearing 1 or 2 leaves, about 3-5 cm. long, invested to above the middle by 2 or 3 imbricating, evanescent sheaths. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or subacute and apiculate, rounded to subcordate at the sessile base, about 4-8 cm. long, up to 2.7 cm. wide, green above and red to dark purple beneath, commonly horizontally spreading. Inflorescence terminal, abbreviated, recurved in the course of develop- ment, the naked peduncle with the rachis of the raceme up to 2 cm. long; raceme congested-umbelliform, about 3- to 8-flowered. Floral bracts lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the pedicellate ovary. Flowers small, but large for the plant, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate or elliptic- lanceolate, acute, mucronate, up to 11.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic- lanceolate, acute and mucronate, with a prominent denticulate keel through the upper half, a little longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely linear or oblanceo- late-linear, acute, slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina 3-lobed at about the middle, suborbicular-ovate in outline, more or less deeply cordate at the base, about 4-5 mm. long in the center and 6.2 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes obliquely semiovate or aliform, acute to obtuse; mid-lobe ovate or elliptic-ovate and acute or (more rarely) ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, fleshy; disc with a pair of subglobose fleshy calli at the base. Col- umn strongly dilated above in front, about 6.5 mm. long at the back. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, "Huinaihuaina," Inca ruins, 2550 meters, epiphyte in forest, flowers pinkish white, Vargas 4122. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 2400 meters, on dwarf moss- covered trees in highland forest, flowers pale flesh-red with reddish lines and dots, Woytkowski 39456 (type). Same locality, 2000 me- ters, on tree in low highland forest, sepals pale green with red lines, petals pale yellow, Woytkowski 35490. EPIDENDRUM breviracGmum C, och FIG. 78. Epidendrum breviracemum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1. 2, lateral sepal; X 3. 3, dorsal sepal; X 3. 4, petal; X 3. 5, column and lip; X 3. 417 418 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Epidendrum capitellatum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 11: 86, figs., 1943. Figure 79. Plant medium-sized, with a branching rhizome. Stems spreading, leafy, up to 19 cm. tall up to the inflorescence, mostly concealed by loose, infundibuliform leaf- sheaths. Leaves numerous, distichous, unjointed, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ob- long-ovate, acute, widely spreading, deeply clasping, up to 5.1 cm. long and 1.7 cm. wide, coriaceous. Peduncle abbreviated, provided with 1 or 2 separated, condupli- cate, recurved bracts. Raceme terminal, capitate, densely many-flowered, about FIG. 79. Epidendrum capitellatum C. Schweinf. (expanded), and petal; X 3. Flower from above, lip 1.5 cm. long and broad. Flowers small, very fleshy, rigid, subglobose, green. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, concave, up to 8 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate, slightly broader than the dorsal sepal, with a prominent, more or less denticulate keel without. Petals obliquely linear-oblanceolate, acute or sub- acute, a little shorter than the sepals and about half as broad. Lip strongly adnate to the column; lamina concave-conduplicate in natural position, ovate-reniform when forcibly expanded, deeply cordate at the base, subtrilobed toward the apex, truncate or retuse and apiculate in front, 4.5-6 mm. in greatest length and some- what wider when expanded, bicallose at the base. Column very short and stout, truncate at the apex. Huanuco: Cani, 7 miles northeast of Mito, about 2600 meters, "in clumps in trees," Macbride 3463. Epidendrum capricornu Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 24. 1916. Plant tall, 35-86 cm. high including the inflorescence. Stems "aggregated," simple, leafy, entirely concealed by tubular sheaths which are leafless and com- monly marcescent through the lower portion. Leaves 6 or more, distichous, oblong- elliptic or elliptic ("oblong"), commonly 6-8 cm. long and 2.5-3 cm. wide, acute, clasping at the base, chartaceous. Peduncle conspicuous, mostly or wholly con- cealed by 2-4 appressed, conduplicate, tardily evanescent spathes. Inflorescence a spreading, loosely several- to many-flowered panicle, with few to several branches. Flowers medium-sized, with the slender pedicellate ovary up to 3.2 cm. long. Seg- ments reflexed-spreading, reddish brown to cerise. Dorsal sepal narrowly oblanceo- late-oblong, sharply acute, up to 1.63 cm. long, fleshy, concave. Lateral sepals SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 419 very similar to the dorsal sepal but a little wider, oblique. Petals spatulate-filiform, acute, nearly as long as the sepals. Lip entirely adnate to the column; lamina deeply 3- or 4-lobed; lateral lobes aliform, strongly retrorse, round-ovate or oval when expanded, with irregular or lobulate margins, up to 8.5 mm. long and nearly 7 mm. wide near the base; mid-lobe sessile, consisting of a pair of divaricate, fal- cate-linear-oblong lobules which are fleshy and suberect in natural position, 5-6 mm. long, separated by a short blunt apicule; disc with a very fleshy concave callus which is approximate to the two basal calli. Column slender, dilated above, ter- minating on each side in a subquadrate, bidentate auricle, up to about 10.5 mm. long at the back. Amazonas: Prov. of Bongara, 2 miles southwest of the village of Pomocochas, about 2400 meters, common epiphyte in mountain rain- forest in Quebrada Chido, Hodge 6144- Cajamarca: Prov. of Jaen, above Tabaconas, on the eastern slope of the Cordillera (5 10'- 5 20' S. Br.), 2400-2500 meters, in sclerophyllous vegetation con- sisting of shrubs and scattering trees, Weberbauer 6296 (type). Epidendrum carnosiflorum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 87, t. 6, figs. 1-6. 1943. Figure 80. Plant epiphytic, medium-sized, branching. Stems irregularly branched, often very short, entirely enveloped by imbricating, tubular-cylindric sheaths which are leaf-bearing except near the base of the stems or branches. Leaves distichous, oblong-linear, acute or obtuse and apiculate, clasping at the base, up to 6 cm. long and 8 mm. wide, thickly coriaceous. Inflorescences racemose, terminal, commonly arcuate or nodding, 9.5 cm. or less long, loosely several- (up to 10-) flowered almost to the base. Floral bracts conspicuous, horizontally spreading, concave-condupli- cate. Flowers fleshy, medium-sized. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, short-acuminate, about 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long- acuminate, a little longer and distinctly broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear, obtuse, lightly sigmoid, about 8.7 mm. long, abruptly reflexed at the base. Lip adnate to the column nearly up to its apex; lamina tubular-involute, distinctly 3-lobed below the middle, shallowly cordate at the truncate base, about 8.2 mm. long; lateral lobes erect and embracing the column, small, semiobovate; mid-lobe much larger, narrowly triangular, acuminate, very fleshy. Column very short and stout, about 3.3 mm. long at the back, extended on each side into a very oblique tooth. Junin: Pichis Trail, Enefias, 1700 meters, in open sphagnum swamp, Kittip & Smith 25705. Epidendrum catillus Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 112. 1854. Epidendrum vinosum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 96. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 122, nr. 480. 1929. Plant extremely variable both vegetatively and florally, 19 cm. to over 1 meter high (the E. vinosum form). Stems simple, entirely concealed by close, tubular sheaths, leafy above. Leaves distichous, oblong-lanceolate to oval, obtuse to sub- acute with an obscure apicule, clasping at the base, commonly fleshy-coriaceous, E.PIDE.NDRUM si/t forum C/. Ocfiusein 420 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 421 up to 7.5 cm. long and 3.6 cm. wide, spreading. Inflorescence simple or branched above, the peduncle being commonly elongate and entirely concealed by close, tubular, scarious sheaths. Raceme (or branches of the panicle) short, laxly or densely few- to many- (26-) flowered. Pedicellate ovary slender, up to 5 cm. long. Flowers medium-sized, red-violet or violet and white, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate-oblong, subobtuse to acute, about 1.5 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblique. Petals oblanceolate or narrowly cuneate, acute or obtuse, oblique, a little shorter and narrower than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina small, sharply 3-lobed, triangular-ovate in outline, deeply cordate at the base, about 5-6 mm. long in the center and 7-7.5 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes obliquely semiovate to rounded-dolabriform, coarsely toothed or incised on the outer margin; mid-lobe porrect, broadly obovate to ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to oblong, apiculate to abruptly acute; disc with a plurisulcate, excavated, apically crenulate callus (more or less apiculate in the middle) extending to the middle of the mid-lobe or beyond the middle, and with a pair of fleshy calli at the base. Column long, gently dilated above, about 10 mm. long, with a pair of bidentate auricles above. Loreto: Near Moyobamba, 1000 meters, in savanna woods, Weber- bauer 4642 (type of E. vinosum) . San Martin : Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams 5981 (narrow-leaved form). Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, epiphyte in mountain forest, Klug 0.20 (in part). San Roque, 1350-1500 meters, Williams 7661 . Also Colombia (type of E. catillus) and Ecuador. The following two collections differ from typical E. catillus in having relatively longer, oblong-lanceolate leaves of thinner texture (up to 11.4 cm. long and 2.4 cm. wide), and in having an asymmetri- cally developed mid-lobe of the lip. It appears, therefore, that they represent either mutations or hybrids between E. catillus and some other species. San Martin: Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams 5952. Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters, epiphyte in mountain forest, Klug 0.20 (in part). Epidendrum ciliare L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 1246. 1759; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 70. 1898. Figure 81. Plant very variable, medium-sized to large, usually on trees or rocks. Pseudo- bulbs or thickened stems more or less approximate on a creeping rhizome (often the specimens show but one pseudobulb), cylindric or more or less clavate, up to FIG. 80. Epidendrum carnosiflorum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X ^. 2, lateral sepal; X 2}^. 3, dorsal sepal; X 2 1/2. 4, petal; X 2J^. 5, lip and column from side, natural position; X 2K- 6, lip and column from above, natural position; X 2%. E. latisegmentum C. Schweinf. 7, plant; X % 8, flower, expanded; X 1. 9, lip and column from side; X 1. 10, anther, showing cells; X 5. 11, pollinium; X 10. 422 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 22.5 cm. high, entirely enveloped by loose, distichous, imbricating, scarious sheaths, usually bearing 2 (rarely 1 or 3) subopposite leaves at the summit. Leaves com- monly oblong-elliptic (more rarely oblong or elliptic to oval), obtuse to rounded at the apex, cuneate at the sessile base, up to 28 cm. long and 8 cm. wide (sometimes appearing conduplicate in the dried specimen). Inflorescence simple, erect, up to 47 cm. high, with few to several distichous, often imbricating spathes below, loosely few- to several-flowered above. Floral bracts large, spreading, spathaceous, up to 7 cm. long. Pedicellate ovary equaling or much exceeding the subtending bract. Flowers large, with wide-spreading segments, greenish to white or usually pale yellow with a white lip. Sepals linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 3.5-8.5 cm. long, up to 8 mm. wide. Petals a little shorter, but more or less narrower than the sepals (rarely markedly broader). Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, somewhat shorter than the sepals; lamina very deeply 3-lobed, about 3-5 cm. long; lateral lobes semiovate or aliform, deeply long-ciliate on the outer margin; mid-lobe fili- form-subulate, much exceeding the lateral lobes; disc shortly bialate below. Col- umn slender below, abruptly dilated above, with a lacerate clinandrium. Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Cayumba, between Huanuco and Tingo Maria, 700-800 meters, in forest, Ferreyra 1868. A widespread species extending from Mexico through Central America and the West Indies (type) to Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and Brazil. Epidendrum cinnabarinum Salzm. ex Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 106. 1831; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28: t. 25. 1842; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 119. 1898. Plant tall, stout, up to 9 dm. high. Stem simple, leafy, entirely concealed (except at the base) by tubular sheaths. Leaves laxly distichous, oblong to oblong- elliptic, up to 11 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide, obtuse to rounded above, clasping below, thickly coriaceous, more or less shining above. Peduncle terminal, much surpassing the leaves, simple or rarely branched, concealed by close, scarious, tubu- lar sheaths. Floral bracts relatively small, narrow. Racemes short, commonly dense, several- to many-flowered, the rachis up to 6.5 cm. long. Flowers medium- sized, long-pedicelled, bright scarlet, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal oblan- ceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse, 18-20 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, very oblique, a little longer, up to 24 mm. long. Petals elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic- oblanceolate, oblique, obtuse, about as long as the lateral sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina deeply 3-lobed, up to 13 mm. long and 18 mm. wide across the base; lateral lobes obliquely dolabriform with a deeply lacerate outer margin; mid-lobe much smaller, triangular-lanceolate below, then more or less abruptly dilated near the front into a shortly cuneate, truncate, bi- or trifurcate apex; disc bicallose at the base, with a median keel extending nearly to the apex. Column long, slender, slightly dilated above, about 13 mm. long. Amazonas, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 146. 1921. Brazil (type). Epidendrum cochlidium Lindl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 4: 382. 1840; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 72, no. 228. 1853. Epidendrum pulcherrimum EPIDENDRUM FIG. 81. Epidendrum ciliare L. Plant; X 1. Drawn by Blanche Ames. 423 424 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Kl. Allg. Gartenz. 22: 233. 1854, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 146. 1921. Plant tall, epiphytic or terrestrial, more or less stout, up to over 12 dm. tall. Stems entirely concealed by close, tubular sheaths which are scarious and leafless below and leafy above. Leaves numerous, distichous, oval to elliptic-oblong (rarely oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate), obtuse or rounded to subacute, clasping below, up to 12 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide (the upper and lower blades much smaller), more or less coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, much surpassing the leaves; pedun- cle up to 58 cm. long, rarely branching above, clothed with close, tubular, scarious sheaths; raceme short, erect to arcuate or nodding, densely or subdensely many- flowered, up to 8.5 cm. long. Floral bracts inconspicuous, lanceolate-attenuate, much shorter than the pedicellate ovary. Flowers long-pedicelled, either red, yel- low or light pink with white or cream-colored lip, the segments spreading. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, up to 17 mm. long, acute or subacute. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely lanceolate-oblong or semielliptic, acute, as long as the dorsal sepal but slightly broader. Petals variable, oblanceolate-elliptic or ellip- tic-oblong, acute, slightly smaller than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina deeply 3-lobed, up to about 9 mm. long and wide; lateral lobes obliquely dolabriform or semiorbicular with a rounded base, dentate or incised- dentate (especially toward the front) ; mid-lobe subequal or distinctly larger, broadly obovate or flabellate from a cuneate base, rounded to truncate and acute or gently retuse and apiculate in front, with the margins (except near the base) sharply den- tate; disc mostly occupied by a large, concave, 3-lobed callus, of which the middle lobe is much the largest. Column short, stout, slightly dilated upward, up to about 10 mm. long, terminating on each side in a dentate auricle. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 2835 (type). Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Carpish, 2850 meters, epiphyte, Asplund 13135. Junin: La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, about 1200 meters, epi- phyte, Macbride 5779. Pichis Trail, Enenas, 1700 meters, terres- trial in open sphagnum swamp, Killip & Smith 25674 (florally very atypical). Pichis Trail, Porvenir, 1500-1900 meters, terrestrial in dense forest, Killip & Smith 25898. Also Venezuela. Epidendrum cordatum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:244. 1798. Huanuco: Chinchao, on wooded mountains and in clearings, on trees and rocks, Pavdn s.n. This is an obscure entity. Epidendrum coriifolium Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. London 6: 218 & text cut. 1851; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 77, no. 240. 1853; Summerhayes, Bot. Mag. 160, t. 9477. 1937. Plant extremely variable, very stout, erect, epiphytic or terrestrial, 15-60 cm. high. Stems approximate to subremote on a more or less prominent creeping rhi- SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 425 zome, entirely invested by stout, complanate sheaths which are leaf-bearing in the upper portion. Leaves 2-5, distichous, linear to oblong-oval, bilobed at the obtuse apex, clasping at the sessile base, fleshy-coriaceous, usually shining above, spread- ing, up to 31.5 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide (commonly much smaller). Inflorescence terminal, up to 27 cm. long, few- to many-flowered, loose to very dense; peduncle usually short and commonly enveloped by 2 or more conspicuous, imbricating, equitant sheaths. Floral bracts very conspicuous, equitant, dorsally carinate, semi- ovate to triangular-lanceolate when viewed from the side, rounded to acuminate at the apex, more or less incurved or spreading, similar to the sheaths on the peduncle. Flowers rather large, fleshy, green, often more or less tinged with purple (rarely pinkish buff-colored or deep purple). Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about 10-25 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, somewhat broader than the dorsal sepal, commonly with a conspicuous dorsal, more or less denticulate keel near the apex. Petals obliquely linear or oblanceolate-linear, acute or subacute, little shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina simple, cordate-reniform, commonly more or less retuse and bluntly apiculate at the apex, about 7-15 mm. long in the middle, up to 18 mm. wide, usually rather denticulate-erose on the mar- gin, with a more or less conspicuous nerve which is fleshy-thickened near the apex. Column short, stout, produced on each side into a transversely subquadrate auricle, up to about 10 mm. long at the back. Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Sta. Isabel to Asuncion, 1800 me- ters, Vargas 5542. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1291. Same locality, 1600 meters, Schunke 1884- Schunke Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1400-1700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24618 (this specimen without flowers). Widely distributed from Mexico through Central America (type) to Panama; also Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil. Epidendrum cornutum Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 86. 1841; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 48, no. 149. 1853. E. anthoceros Lind. & Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 281. 1854. E. Pavonianum Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 215. 1856. E. melinoacron Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 88. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 119, nr. 468. 1929. (?)#. acumi- natum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1: 248. 1798. Plant epiphytic, erect, up to about 80 cm. tall, from a creeping rhizome. Stems simple, more or less approximate, entirely concealed by tubular, marcescent sheaths which are leaf-bearing above. Leaves 5-12, distichous, lanceolate-linear to oblong- lanceolate (rarely lanceolate), acute to long-acuminate, clasping at the sessile, cune- ate base, up to 16.5 cm. long and 2.1 cm. wide, erect-spreading. Inflorescence terminal, up to about 34 cm. long, arcuate or nodding (rarely suberect), with the short peduncle entirely concealed by 1-3 erect, equitant spathes; raceme densely or subdensely many-flowered, about 20 cm. or less long. Flowers white, brown- ish or greenish white, or yellowish, fleshy. Sepals often with revolute sides. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-oblanceolate, acuminate, up to 12 mm. long. Lateral sepals scarcely exceeding the dorsal sepal, obliquely ovate-lanceolate or 426 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 elliptic-lanceolate ("linear"), long-acuminate, with a prominent dorsal keel which is high and irregularly denticulate toward the apex. Petals oblanceolate-linear, oblique, acute or acuminate, shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina deeply 3-lobed, lightly sigmoid when viewed from the side; lateral lobes small, transversely oval, more or less minutely denticulate, about 3 mm. wide, fleshy except on the margins, erect; mid-lobe porrect, linear-triangular or linear-lanceolate, subterete, acuminate, about 3-4.5 mm. long; disc minutely 3-callose at the base. Column short, decurved, abruptly dilated above in front, terminated on each side by a transversely subquadrate auricle, about 3.8-6 mm. long at the back. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 1895 (type of E. cornutum and E. Pavonianum). Cajamarca: Above Tabaconas, on the east side of the Cordillera, 2400 meters, in sclerophyllous vegetation, Weberbauer 6300 (type of E. melinoacron Schltr.). Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Carpish Pass?, about 3000 meters, Hodge s.n., 6147. Also Colombia (type of E. anthoceros), Venezuela and Ecuador. Epidendrum coronatum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:242. 1798. Huanuco: Pozuzo, on trees and rocks, Pavdn s.n. This is an obscure orchid, which seems to be allied to E. moyo- bambae Kranzl. Epidendrum corymbosum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. etChil. 1:246. 1798. Huanuco: Toward the towns of Chinchao, Cuchero, Muna and Pozuzo, on bare mountains and plains. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, in very low and hot places, Pav6n s.n. This is an uncertain concept, apparently allied to E. dichotomum Presl. Epidendrum crassilabium Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 1, t. 102. 1837-8. Epidendrum variegatum Hook. Bot. Mag. 59, t. 3151. 1832; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 77, t. 32, fig. 1. 1898. Epidendrum variegatum Hook. var. crassilabium Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 38, no. 117. 1853. Epidendrum saccharatum Kranzl. Orchis 2: 113, fig. 17. 1908. Plant very variable, epiphytic or terrestrial, robust, with a stout creeping rhi- zome. Stems more or less pseudobulbous-thickened, ovoid-fusiform or ellipsoid to cylindric, 5.5-38.5 cm. high, bearing 1-4 irregularly spaced leaves near the sum- mit, clothed by several imbricating, scarious, evanescent sheaths through the lower part. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong to linear-oblong, acute to rounded at the apex, subsessile to shortly petioled at the cuneate clasping base, 9.5-40 cm. long, SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 427 up to 6.6 cm. wide, coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, 6-35 cm. high, loosely few- to many-flowered above, the remotely bracted peduncle clothed at the base by a more or less conspicuous, complanate spathe. Flowers fleshy, white or green to yellowish, more or less spotted with brown-purple (often tinged with vio- let), medium-sized. Floral bracts minute. Dorsal sepal obovate-oblong or oblan- ceolate-oblong, obtuse, up to 15 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but usually rather broader, oblique, acute. Petals cuneate or oblong-cuneate, acute or obtuse, usually a little shorter than the sepals and markedly narrower. Lip strongly adnate to the column; lamina simple or obscurely 3-lobed, rhombic-suborbicular or broadly ovate- cordate, abruptly acute, up to 8 mm. long and subequally wide or wider; disc more or less occupied by a large fleshy, sulcate callus. Column short and stout, up to 8 mm. long to the 3-toothed apex. Ovary sharply triquetrous. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, 2040 meters, on rocks, Vargas 3302. "Camino Hacienda Cadenca, Quincemil, Valle Mar- capata," about 1100 meters, Scolnik 943. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, Utcuyacu, 1900 meters, on tree in low forest, Woytkowski 35358. Between San Ramon and Tarma, 2000 meters, terrestrial on rocky hillside, Seibert 2200. Loreto : Pumayacu, between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600-1200 meters, epiphyte in forest, Klug 0.2. Vicin- ity of Iquitos, 100 meters, epiphyte, Klug 10131. San Martin: Near Divisoria, 59 km. from Tingo Maria, on highway to Pucallpa, about 1600 meters, Allard 21781. Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, in mountain forest, Klug 3673. A widespread species extend- ing from Costa Rica, Panama and the West Indies to Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana (type of E. saccharatum) , Surinam, Ecua- dor, Peru (type of E. crassilabium) and Brazil (type of E. variega- tum). Epidendrum crassum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 15: 141, t. 42. 1952. Figure 82. Plant medium-sized, about 29 cm. tall. Stem stout, erect from a decumbent base, entirely enveloped by loose, scarious, tubular sheaths which are imbricating and leaf-bearing except at the base, about 14 cm. high (exclusive of the decumbent base). Leaves distichous, deciduous below, persistent near the apex of the stem, oblong-ovate or shortly oblong, ascending, subacute, up to 5 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide, amplexicaul at the base. Inflorescence much surpassing the leaves, suberect, loosely paniculate with a few short, ascending, lateral branches, about 13.7 cm. long. Flowers small, numerous, loose, blackened in drying. Sepals fleshy, with strongly revolute sides. Dorsal sepal (when expanded) oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, acute with a recurved tip, about 8 mm. long and 3.9 mm. wide. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, sharply acute, a little longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear-oblanceolate, acute, lightly oblique, somewhat shorter and much narrower than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, convex, more or less deeply 3-lobed, broader than long, cordate at the base, up to 4.4 mm. long through the center and 6.6 mm. wide; lateral lobes ovate-semi orbicular, with more or less lobulate margins; mid-lobe transversely- EPIDENDRUM crassum FIG. 82. Epidendrum crassum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X 1 A- 2, flower, expanded; X 2^. 3, column and lip, from side; X 4. 428 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 429 subquadrate or irregularly semiorbicular, sub truncate to lightly retuse in front; disc bicallose at the base. Column short, strongly dilated above in front, up to 5.5 mm. long at the back. Puno: Prov. of Carabaya, "Ollachea a pte. Ackopampa," 3100 meters, on rocks or cliffs, Vargas 6994. Epidendrum criniferum Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. (1871) 1291; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 100: t. 6094. 1874. Plant epiphytic, with a creeping rhizome. Stems numerous, more or less approxi- mate, up to about 40 cm. high, entirely concealed by close, tubular sheaths which are scarious and evanescent below and leaf-bearing above. Leaves numerous, distich- ous, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong (rarely narrowly lanceolate), up to 13.9 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide (often much smaller above and below), subacute to acumi- nate, cuneate at the clasping base, ascending, chartaceous. Inflorescence terminal, short; peduncle abbreviated, entirely concealed by 2-5 imbricating, equitant, erect spathes; raceme short, up to 3.8 cm. high, loosely few-flowered; floral bracts minute. Flowers rather large with spreading segments which are green or yellow with red- brown blotches and a white lip, the slender pedicellate ovary up to 3.8 cm. long. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 2.3 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar, but markedly oblique. Petals filiform, slightly wider below, acuminate, a little shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, deeply trifid; lamina up to 1.3 cm. long in the middle; lateral lobes dolabri- form-semiorbicular in outline, more or less retrorse, divided into deep, irregular fringes; mid-lobe porrect, filiform-linear, acute or acuminate; disc at the base with a pair of small semielliptic, complanate, approximate calli. Column about half as long as the entire lip, up to 9 mm. long, dilated above, with an irregular, transverse, retuse auricle on each side at the apex. Ayacucho: Estrella, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, about 500 meters, in dense woods, Killip & Smith 23066. Junin: La Mer- ced, about 700 meters, in wooded valley, Killip & Smith 23739. San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, in mountain forest, Klug 3675. Also Costa Rica (type) and Panama. Epidendrum cristatum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1: 243. 1798. Epidendrum raniferum Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 109. 1831; Bot. Reg. 28: t. 42. 1842. Epidendrum validum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 95. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 122, nr. 479. 1929. Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, very tall and robust, rarely up to 8 meters high, very variable throughout. Stems caespitose from an abbreviated rhizome, simple, stout, entirely concealed by close, tubular sheaths which bear leaves above. Leaves distichous, numerous, ligulate to oblong-elliptic, erect-spreading, acuminate to ob- tuse, cuneate at the sessile, clasping base, up to 23 cm. long and 4 cm. wide (com- monly shorter and much narrower), more or less coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, consisting of 1 to several simple, pendent racemes, subsessile or long-peduncled, up 430 FIELDI AN A: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 to 60 cm. long including the peduncle; peduncle (if present) commonly concealed by few to many distichous, imbricating, conduplicate spathes. Flowers rather large, yellowish or greenish, spotted or streaked with dark brown or purplish, with spreading segments, on slender pedicellate ovaries which are 3-7 cm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, subacute to obtuse, about 1.3-2 cm. (rarely 2.8 cm.) long. Lateral sepals similar, lightly oblique. Petals linear or spatulate-linear, acute to rounded at the apex, almost equaling the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, deeply 3-lobed, about as long as the sepals; lateral lobes obliquely dolabriform in outline with a cordate base, irregularly in- cised-dentate or (more commonly) irregularly lacerate-fimbriate especially toward the front; mid-lobe porrect, from a short subquadrate-flabellate to linear-cuneate claw dilated into a deeply bilobulate apex with spreading broad or narrow lobules which are more or less toothed irregularly, with a more or less conspicuous apicule in the sinus; disc at the base with a fleshy sulcate callus and a central thickened line extending from the base to the apical sinus. Column strongly dilated toward the decurved apex, about 1-1.5 cm. or more long, terminating in an oblique, trans- verse auricle on each side. Cajamarca: In valley of Rio Tabaconas, 900-1000 meters, terres- trial among evergreen bushes, Weberbauer 6155 (type of E. validum). Huanuco: Pozuzo, epiphyte in forest, Pavdn s.n. (type of E. cris- tatum). Plant widely dispersed from Mexico (type of E. raniferum) to Costa Rica, British Guiana, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil and Bolivia. Epidendrum croceum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:246. 1798. Junin: Toward the citadel of Huassa-huassi, on rocks on plains and hills, Pavon s.n. This is an obscure species. Epidendrum cylindraceum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30, Misc. 86, no. 15. 1844; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 46, no. 143. 1853. Plant tall, somewhat branching below, over 55 cm. high. Stem entirely or nearly concealed by loose, tubular sheaths which are leaf-bearing near the summit. Leaves apparently 2 to a branch, about 3 cm. apart near the summit of the stem, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong ("ovato-oblongis"), about 12 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, acute, clasping at the rounded base, erect-spreading. Inflorescence terminal, erect, about 34 cm. tall; peduncle comprising about one half of the inflorescence, mostly enveloped by 2-3 close, equitant, imbricating, elongate spathes; raceme many-flowered, rather dense, about 15 cm. long and 5 cm. in diameter. Flowers small, whitish. Sepals obovate or oblong-obovate, acute, scabrous without, about 8 mm. long, the lateral ones oblique. Petals linear or oblanceolate-linear. Lip apparently deeply adnate to the column; lamina tripartite; lateral lobes small, oblong-falcate, antrorse above, with the posterior margin serrulate or denticulate; mid-lobe much larger, porrect, from an elongate, subquadrate basal portion abruptly dilated into a pair of suborbicular, denticulate lobules thus the apical part is reni- form retuse and apiculate in the middle; disc with 3 small calli at the base. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 431 Peru(?), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 147. 1921. Colombia (type) and Ecuador, fide Schlechter (I.e. 8: 135. 1921). This description was compiled by reference to a photograph of the type, in the Lindley Herbarium. Epidendrum cylindrostachys Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 110. 1854. Plant medium-sized, with a creeping rhizome. Stems approximate, slender, flexuous, entirely concealed by tubular sheaths which are scarious below and herbaceous and leaf-bearing above, up to 12 cm. high. Leaves 2 or 3, loosely disposed near the apex of the stem, oblong or ligulate, rounded and apiculate at the apex, clasping below, up to 18 cm. long and 12 mm. wide. Inflorescence terminal, solitary, arcuate or flexuous, 21-34 cm. long; peduncle 8.3-10 cm. long, mostly or entirely concealed by 1 or 2 imbricating, ancipitous spathes; raceme subdensely many-flowered. Floral bracts minute. Flowers very small, buff- yellow with maroon dots. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate-oblong ("cuneate-ligulate"), more or less acute, about 5 mm. long. Lateral sepals obovate-oblong or semi- elliptic, a little longer and markedly broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals ob- lanceolate-linear, obtuse, slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column nearly to the apex, about as long as the sepals; lamina tripartite; lateral lobes semilunate-decurved, oblong, often slightly broader above the middle; mid- lobe lanceolate-ligulate, porrect, very fleshy, especially at the obtuse or retuse apex, with an indistinct callus on each side at the base. Column stout, relatively large, about 3.8 mm. long, dilated above in front. Amazonas: Prov. of Bongara, about 2400 meters, in Quebrada Chido, 2 miles southwest of Pomocochas, epiphyte in mountain rain- forest, Hodge 6143. Also Colombia (type). I have seen a photograph and a floral analysis of the type, from the Reichenbach Herbarium. Epidendrum cyperifolium C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 16: 10. 1953. Epidendrum microtos Reichb. f. var. grandi- florum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 98. 1943. ?Bletia ensiformis Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1: 230. 1798. Plant epiphytic, variable vegetatively. Pseudobulbs ovoid, 2- to 3-leaved at the apex, up to 5.2 cm. high. Leaves very narrowly linear, acute, rigid, often conduplicate and arcuate-recurved in the dried specimen, up to 50 cm. long and 7.5 mm. wide. Inflorescence racemose or loosely paniculate, subequaling or shorter than the leaves, with the branches of the peduncle and the pedicellate ovary densely scabrous or verruculose. Flowers medium-sized, rather fleshy, dark rose or carmine. Dorsal sepal oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or subacute, about 1.7 cm. long and 5.5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, obliquely oblanceolate-oblong, subacute, slightly larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblanceolate to subspatu- late, subacute, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip nearly free from the 432 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 column, slightly shorter than the sepals; lamina sharply 3-lobed, cuneate at the base; lateral lobes triangular-oblong, lightly retrorse, rather obtuse, with a rounded angle in the middle of the posterior margin; mid-lobe much larger, obovate- suborbicular with strongly recurved sides and slightly undulate margins, emargi- nate in front; disc with a broad, flattened, basal thickening which extends into 3 thickened lines, with the nerves densely minute-papillose. Column short, stout, lightly recurved, about 7.3 mm. long, irregularly crenate-dentate at the apex, with a pair of small angulate auricles in front near the apex. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1600 meters, Schunke 1114- Loreto: Upper Maranon River at the mouth of the Santiago River, 160 me- ters, in rain-forest, Tessmann 4301 (type). Epidendrum densifolium Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 186. 1905. Plant robust, from a creeping rhizome, up to 50 cm. tall, growing on rocks. Stems more or less approximate, entirely concealed by loose, imbricating, com- planate sheaths which are leaf-bearing except near the base. Leaves distichous, 6-12, subap proximate, ligulate or broadly oblong, shallowly bilobulate and minutely apiculate at the rounded apex, scarcely narrowed at the clasping base, often more or less conduplicate in the dried specimen, up to 16 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, thickly coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, about 17-25 cm. high, loosely paniculate with spreading, arcuate branches (perhaps also racemose); peduncle about 5-11.5 cm. long, entirely or mostly concealed by a stout, conduplicate spathe up to 10.5 cm. long which is partly covered by the bases of the upper leaves. Floral bracts minute. Flowers loose, rather small, greenish-yellow. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, or "oblong-lanceolate," obtusely acute, about 11 mm. long. Lateral sepals slightly larger, oblique, broadly oblong-oblanceolate or oblong- obovate, acute. Petals oblanceolate-linear, obtuse or subacute, slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina semiorbicular- reniform or "transversely cordate" in outline, simple or obscurely 3-lobed with the middle portion retuse, deeply cordate at the base, about 6-8 mm. long in the center and 10 mm. wide below the middle, with the margins irregularly denticulate; disc fleshy-thickened in the middle of the basal part, bicallose at the base. Column abruptly dilated at the apex in front, with a pair of lateral, transverse, subquadrate auricles, about 7 mm. long at the back. Ayacucho: Prov. of Huanta, mountains northeast of Huanta, 3100-3200 meters, on rocks in moist ravine, Weberbauer 7507. Cajamarca: Near Hualgayoc, beyond Hacienda La Tahona, 2600 meters, on cliffs, Weberbauer 4044 (type). Epidendrum derma tanthum Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 184. 1905. Plant large, stout, almost 1 meter high. Stem few-branched, almost entirely invested by tubular leaf-sheaths. Leaves numerous, distichous, oblong-lanceolate ("linear-oblong"), subacute and apiculate, clasping at the subrounded base, cori- aceous, up to 18 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence terminal, up to 16 cm. long, racemose, loosely many-flowered almost to the base, somewhat exceeding the SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 433 upper leaves. Floral bracts conspicuous, lanceolate-ovate, somewhat exceeding the pedicellate ovary. Flowers 15 to 16, reddish brown, coriaceous. Dorsal sepal oblong, acute, 14-18 mm. long. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, a little shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal, lightly oblique. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, acute ("acuminate"), nearly as long as the sepals. Lip probably adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina simple, complicate, deeply cordate at the base, obtuse, very fleshy, with a median thickened line, about 10 mm. long and 8 mm. wide. Cajamarca: Prov. of Chota, mountains west of Huambos, in scle- rophyllous vegetation including scattering small trees, Weberbauer 4177. The description was amplified by reference to a photograph of the type. Epidendrum dichotomum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 101. 1827, not Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 71, no. 223. 1853. Epidendrum brachyphyllum Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 72, no. 225. 1853. Epi- dendrum Lindenii Lindl. Bot. Reg. 31, Misc. 48, no. 59. 1845; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 72, no. 227. 1853, not Epidendrum Lindenii Lindl. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 12: 397. 1843. Epidendrum cuzcoense Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 82. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: 1. 117, nr. 460. 1929. Epidendrum tarmense Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 94. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 122, nr. 477. 1929. Epidendrum inconstans Ames, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 58: 350. 1931. Plant extremely variable (in height, shape of leaves, color of flowers, width of floral segments and degree of toothing or laceration of lobes of lip), terrestrial or less commonly on rocks or trees, 15 cm.-21 dm. (7 feet) high, caespitose from an abbreviated rhizome. Stem stout or slender, simple, entirely concealed by close, tubular sheaths which are leaf-bearing except near the base. Leaves numerous, distichous, more or less spreading, oblong-elliptic to oval, less commonly ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse (rarely subacute), clasping at the rounded sessile base, coriaceous to fleshy, 2.5-15 cm. long, up to 5 cm. wide. Peduncle terminal, elongate, entirely concealed by close, tubular, imbricating, scarious sheaths, simple or irregularly branched above. Racemes more or less short, erect, arcuate or nodding, densely or loosely several- to many-flowered. Flowers rather small, of various colors (bright yellow to orange or brick-red or rose to purple, rarely maroon, or white flushed with rose), on slender pedicels up to 4 cm. long, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes slightly narrowed toward the base, acute to obtuse, 7-14 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, commonly more or less narrowed toward the base, very oblique. Petals lanceolate-elliptic to oblanceolate or rarely rhombic-elliptic, acute or subacute, nearly equally long but commonly narrower than the sepals, with the margins entire to irregularly crenulate. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina deeply 3-lobed, about 3.5-7 mm. long in the middle and 7-15 mm. wide across the lateral lobes, cordate at the base; lateral lobes rounded-dolabri- form, more or less deeply and irregularly dentate to lacerate; mid-lobe subequal 434 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 or larger (rarely smaller), dilated from a cuneate base, truncate to divaricately bilobed in front with the lobules more or less deeply toothed; disc with a large central, 3- to 5-lobulate callus, and a smaller callus (more or less bilobed) ex- tending onto the lateral lobes on each side and with 2 small fleshy calli at the base. Column slightly dilated upward, terminating in a dentate auricle on each side, about 4-9 mm. long. Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, terrestrial in open woods, Killip & Smith 22568. Ccarrapa, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 1500 meters, terrestrial on open hillside, Killip & Smith 22348. Cajamarca: Prov. of Chota, Chota, 2400 meters, on steep clay banks at edge of ravine, Stork & Horton 10051. Prov. of Cutervo, 10 km. northwest of Socota, 3200 meters, "in ceja de la montana," in black humus of forest, Stork & Horton 10119. Prov. of Cutervo, trail between Socota and Tambillo, 3100 meters, in sandy loam in open sun, Stork & Horton 10175. Cuzco: Herrera s.n. (U. S. Nat. Herb. 1231075). Above Hacienda Ichna, near Sta. Ana, 1700 meters, Weberbauer 5005 (type of E. cuzcoense). Huayna Picchu, 2400 meters, Scolnik 837. Ollantaitambo, about 3000 meters, Cook & Gilbert 533. Prov. of Convention, Machu- Picchu, 2400 meters, Vargas 838. Same data as last, Herrera 3474- Machu-Picchu, Valle de San Miguel, 2400 meters, Herrera 2040, 2041. Ruins of Machu-Picchu, 2400 meters, in exposed rocky situations in humus, West 6426. "Pillahuata," Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 2300-2900 meters, on rocky banks and in thickets, Pennell 13974. Same local- ity as last, 2200-3000 meters, in thickets and forest, Pennell 14064- Huanuco: On mountains near Huanuco ("Huanocco"), Haenke s.n. (type of E. dichotomum). Cierra Azul, terrestrial on Pucallpa Road, about 1077 meters, Seibert 2253. Pampayaco (Pampayacu) Sawada P 33. Prov. of Huanuco, between Ambo and San Rafael, on cliff, Asplund 13498. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1096. Prov. of Tarma, above Carpapata, 2300-2400 meters, in low forest on mountain slope, Ferreyra 3733. Agua Dulce, 1800 meters, on forest tree, Woytkowski 37028. Utcuyacu, 3000 meters, terrestrial in humus of dwarf forest, Woytkowski 35411. Huacapistana, 1800- 2400 meters, in thickets and open woods, Killip & Smith 24116, 24317. Huacapistana, 1800 meters, in high evergreen forest, "ceja de montana," Ferreyra 3584. Cliffs between Huacapistana and Palca, 1700-2600 meters, Weberbauer 1802 (type of E. tarmense). Palca, 2700 meters, Soukup 3501 . San Ramon to Tarma, 2000 meters, ter- restrial on rocky hillside, Seibert 2199. Loreto: Near Tarapoto, on sandstone cliffs of Cerro Pelado, Spruce 4576. Pumayacu, between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600-1200 meters, King 0.8. Puno: SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 435 Prov. of Sandia, Sto. Domingo area, 1550 meters, McCarroll 67. San Martin: Divisoria, 1613 meters, 59 kilometers from Tingo Maria, on highway to Pucallpa, Allard 21261 (small slender form). Also Venezuela (type of E. Lindenii), Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia (type of E. brachyphyllum) . Epidendrum difforme Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 29. 1760; Select. Stirp. Am. 223: t. 136. 1763; Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean 1 . Harvard Univ. 2: 53. 1934. Epidendrum latilabre Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27, Misc. 77, no. 163: 1841, as E. latilabrum; Fol. Orch. Epi- dendrum 79, no. 249. 1853. Epidendrum apaganum Mansf. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. & Mus. Berlin 10: 240. 1928. Figure 83. Plant extremely variable both vegetatively and florally, epiphytic. Rhizome abbreviated. Plant 6-47 cm. high including the inflorescence. Stems congested or caespitose, often somewhat flexuous, mostly or entirely concealed by the per- sistent, close or flaring leaf-sheaths. Leaves distichous, varying from ligulate- oblong to oval, 1.3-11 cm. long, 4-48 mm. wide, rounded to lightly bilobed at the apex, clasping at the base, coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, subumbellate to umbellate, 1- (very rarely) to many-flowered. Flowers green, greenish yellow or greenish white, long-pedicelled, very variable in size. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate or oblong-obovate (rarely elliptic), subobtuse to short-acuminate, 10.5-34 mm. long, 3.8-8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similarly large, oblong, lanceolate or elliptic to oblanceolate or obovate. Petals nearly as long as the sepals, filiform or linear-elliptic to oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, obtuse or acute to (very rarely) acuminate. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina subsimple to trilobulate, transversely subquadrate (rarely) to reni- form or transversely oval, 4.7-18 mm. long, 10-34 mm. wide; mid-lobe wanting to well developed and transversely oblong to semielliptic, entire and often truncate or apiculate to bilobed; disc bicallose at the base, with more or less thickened nerves. Column dilated above in front, with the clinandrium crenulate to lacerate. Amazonas, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 149. 1921, sub E. latilabre. Ayacucho: Rio Apurimac Valley, near Kimpitiriki, 400 meters, on edge of dense forest along beach, Killip & Smith 22979. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke s.n., 1085. Same locality, 1200 meters, Schunke 1289, 1245. Same locality, 1600 meters, Schunke 1863. Loreto: Mouth of the Apaga, in forest above the floods, 20 meters, Tessmann 5006 (type of E. apaganum). Pumayacu, between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600-1200 meters, in forest, Klug 0.5. Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, in old clearing, Klug 10037, 10078. San Martin: Along Huallaga, about 20 km. from Tingo Maria, on road to Huanuco, 625-1100 meters, Allard 21971 (narrow-leaved form). Moyobamba, 1100-1600 meters, in forest, Klug 10124- Also Florida, the West Indies (type of E. difforme) and Mexico through Central America to Brazil (type of E. latilabre), Ecuador and Peru. FIG. 83. Epidendrum difforme Jacq. 1, flowering and fruiting plants; X 1 A. 2, flower, front view; X 2. Drawn by G. W. Dillon. 436 SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 437 Epidendrum datum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11:89, t. 7. 1943. Figure 84. Plant tall, robust, up to 3 meters high. Rhizome abbreviated. Stem stout, often with a branch opposite a leaf, entirely concealed by close, tubular sheaths which are leaf -bearing except on the lower half of the branches. Leaves numerous, distichous, elliptic, oblong-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, up to 16 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, obtuse to rounded at the apex, clasping at the base, chartaceous, those on the lower part of the branches much smaller. Racemes terminal, arcuate or nodding, densely or subdensely many-flowered almost to the base, with the rachis up to more than 12 cm. long. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the elongate pedicellate ovary. Flowers green, fleshy. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate- oblong, obtuse or acute, up to 22 mm. long, often much thickened dorsally at the apex. Lateral sepals similar but slightly larger than the dorsal sepal, oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, very oblique, dorsally carinate-thickened at the acute apex. Petals obliquely spatulate-linear, truncate or obtuse at the apex, nearly as long as the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina sharply 3-lobed, deeply cordate at the base, about 7.5 mm. long in the middle and 9-10 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes small, spreading, dolabriform or obliquely round-auriculate; mid-lobe much larger, subquadrate-ovate, bluntly apiculate, about 5.2 mm. long and broad; disc bicallose at the base, with 3 fleshy lines in front. Column slender, about 15 mm. long, slightly dilated toward the apex in front. Ayacucho: Prov. of Huanta, Choimacota Valley, 3000 meters, in evergreen mountain forest, Weberbauer 7586 (type). Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, Pillahuata, 3200 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 3039. Epidendrum emarginatum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. etChil. 1:247. 1798. Junin: Near Huassa-huassi, on rocky mountains, Pavon s.n. This is an obscure species. Epidendrum equitans Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:249. 1798. Huanuco: Pozuzo, on trees in open woods, Pavdn s.n. This is an unrecognizable species. Since the completion of this enumeration, it has been pointed out by Mr. A. D. Hawkes, in Orquidea 18: 173. 1956, that this name is a homonym and he proposes for it the new name, E. Woytkow- skianum. Epidendrum euspathum Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 182. 1905. Plant robust. Stem simple, about 30 cm. or more tall, several- jointed, covered with the fibers of evanescent sheaths in the lower portion, bearing 3 ap- FIG. 84. Epidendrum datum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X panded; X 1 1 A. 3, flower from side, natural position; X 1^. 438 \. 2, flower, ex- SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 439 proximate or imbricating leaves near the summit. Leaves oblanceolate-elliptic or elliptic ("oblong"), acute or subacute, clasping at the base, up to 28 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, thinly coriaceous, the upper two with a distinctly narrowed basal part, the lowest much smaller and truly elliptic. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves, few- (about 6-) flowered above, with the peduncle entirely concealed by a large conduplicate, oblanceolate-oblong spathe which is about 13 cm. long. Floral bracts minute, lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers green with a white lip, on a slender pedicellate ovary about 2 cm. long. Sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 cm. long, reflexed. Petals linear, reflexed, about as long as the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, shorter than the sepals; lamina 3-lobed, about 1.3 cm. long; lateral lobes minute, auriculiform-rounded; mid-lobe linear-lanceolate; disc with 2 membranaceous tubercles at the base and a short, thickened, undulate line. Column lightly arcuate, dilated above in front, about 1.5 cm. long. Loreto: Prov. of Moyobamba, west of Rioja, 1000-1100 meters, in woods, Weberbauer 4460. The diagnosis was largely drawn from a photograph of the type. Epidendrum exaltatum Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 26. 1916. Plant tall, stout, up to 2 meters high. Stem simple, entirely concealed by tubular sheaths which are leaf -bearing except in the upper portion; upper portion (for about 30 cm.) concealed by scarious, imbricating, grayish-white, acuminate, marcescent sheaths. Leaves numerous, distichous, approximate, erect-spreading, elongate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, deeply clasping at the base, coriaceous, up to 25 cm. long and 2.6 cm. wide. Inflorescences produced at intervals from the upper leafless portion of the stem, and consist of recurved racemes which are 6-22 cm. long and several- to many- (20-) flowered. Flowers green, thick and cartilagi- nous, blackened in drying, rather small. Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate or elliptic- ovate ("obovate"), subobtuse, about 1.3 cm. long. Lateral sepals a little shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal, obliquely elliptic-ovate ("oblong"). Petals linear or oblanceolate-linear, acute, almost as long as the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina sharply 3-lobed, deeply cordate at the base, about 6 mm. long in the middle and slightly broader across the lateral lobes; lat- eral lobes rounded-dolabriform; mid-lobe slightly larger, quadrate (sometimes slightly dilated at the apex), lightly retuse and apiculate; disc bicallose at the base, with 3 thickened, callose lines in front. Column short and stout, abruptly decurved in the middle, dilated toward the base and apex, about 9 mm. long in natural position. Apurimac: Prov. of Andahuylas, lateral valley of the Pampas River near Hacienda Cotahuasho (13 20 '-13 30' S. Br.), 2600 me- ters, on steep slopes among rather open thickets interspersed with grasses and other herbs, Weberbauer 5843. This description was largely based upon several records of the type. 440 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Epidendrum excisum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30, Misc. 86, no. 14. 1844; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 52, no. 163. 1853. E. excisum var. grandiflorum Lindl. I.e. Plant robust, rather tall, terrestrial or epiphytic. Stem up to 80 cm. high, entirely concealed by loose, imbricating, complanate sheaths which are leaf- bearing except at the base. Leaves several to numerous, distichous, oblong or elliptic-oblong to ligulate, up to 21.5 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide (much smaller below), the upper ones often conduplicate and spathe-like in the dried plant, more or less conspicuously bilobed at the broadly rounded apex, slightly narrowed at the deeply clasping base, coriaceous, erect-spreading. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate; peduncle entirely concealed and more or less surpassed by 1-2 erect, imbricating, conduplicate spathes which are oblong and up to about 11.5 cm. long; panicle large and spreading, floriferous, about 24 cm. long and broad (more or less), loosely many-flowered. Floral bracts minute, attenuate-lanceolate. Flowers medium-sized, yellow, greenish yellow or brownish yellow, sometimes suffused with pale red. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-oblanceolate or oblanceolate, subacute, 1-1.6 cm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely elliptic-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute, slightly larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals linear, more or less slightly broadened upward, acute, nearly as long as the sepals. Lip adnate to the lip up to its apex; lamina sharply 3-lobed, deeply cordate at the base, up to 9 mm. long in the middle and 12.5 mm. wide across the spreading lateral lobes; lateral lobes aliform, obliquely rounded-dolabriform or semiorbicular, irregularly crenulate on the rounded outer margin; mid-lobe subequal or larger, cuneate- subquadrate, retuse and usually apiculate; disc bicallose at the base with 3 thick- ened lines in front. Column up to 1 cm. long, abruptly dilated on the upper half in front. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, rocky banks, Mathews 3182 (E. exci- sum var. grandiflorum). Cuzco: Prov. of Calca, Lares Valley above Mantoc, 2600-2700 meters, in "evergreen bushwood," Weberbauer 7908. Prov. of Calca, Pisac (Quebrada Calca), 3100 meters, on rocks, Vargas 2984- Marcapata, Quispicanchis, Chile-Chile, 2800 meters, Vargas 1337Junin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 147. 1921. Also Colombia (type of E. excisum) and Ecuador. Epidendrum Feddeanum Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1 : 188. 1905. Plant epiphytic or terrestrial, up to about 28 cm. high from the base of the stem to the apex of the inflorescence. Stems shortly separated on a creeping rhizome, up to about 14 cm. high, cylindric or fusiform, 2- to 3-jointed near the base and at the apex, surrounded by the fibers of marcescent sheaths, bearing 2 or rarely 3, more or less separated leaves near the apex. Leaves spreading, linear- oblong to elliptic-oblong, obtuse and often minutely apiculate above, sessile at the deeply clasping cuneate base, up to 20 cm. long and 2.7 cm. wide, coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, up to 24 cm. long, loosely few- to several-flowered above the middle; peduncle up to 9 cm. long, clasped at the base by a more or less conspicuous conduplicate spathe. Flowers small, with fleshy spreading seg- ments, the sepals being greenish more or less red-tinged or chestnut without and greenish brown within, the petals and lip white with red broken lines or yellowish SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 441 brown. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, about 10 mm. or less long. Lateral sepals very similar, slightly oblique, sharply acute, about as long as the dorsal sepal. Petals spatulate-cuneate ("obovate"), obliquely acute to obtuse, a little shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the basal third of the column; lamina deeply 3-lobed, cuneate at the base, rhombic in outline, 5.6-8 mm. long and distinctly narrower across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes small, dentiform, semiovate; mid-lobe more or less larger, ovate or subquadrate-ovate, more or less acute; disc between the lateral lobes occupied by a large sulcate callus or by 2 more or less separated fleshy calli. Column short and stout, 3-toothed at the gradually dilated apex, somewhat over half as long as the sepals. Ovary tri- quetrous. Junin: La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, about 1200 meters, Mac- bride 5629, 5780. Schunke Hacienda, about San Ramon, 1400-1700 meters, in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24863. Loreto: Mountains north of Moyobamba, 1100 meters, in savanna woods consisting mainly of shrubs, Weberbauer 4633 (type). Epidendrum ferrugineum Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. etChil. 1:245. 1798. Huanuco: In Chinchao, on trees and rocks of wooded mountains, toward Macora, Pavdn s.n. This is an unidentified species. Epidendrum fimbriatum HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 351. 1816; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 83, no. 263. 1853. Epidendrum alter- nans Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 88. 1841. Plant terrestrial (rarely epiphytic), rather slender, up to about 40 cm. high. Stems caespitose, often with a decumbent rooting base, simple or more often loosely branched, entirely concealed by close, tubular sheaths, distichously leafed above. Leaves linear-lanceolate (more rarely linear or narrowly elliptic-oblong), up to 6.6 cm. long and 6 mm. wide, obtuse or obliquely bilobulate to acute at the apex, deeply clasping at the base, erect-spreading, subcoriaceous, often minutely cartilaginous-serrulate. Inflorescence terminal, commonly simply racemose above (rarely with 1 or 2 short lateral branches), up to 16 cm. tall, few- to many-flowered, with the rachis more or less fractiflex. Floral bracts spreading, minute to con- spicuous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, up to (rarely) 9 mm. long. Flowers small, white, pale rose-colored or white tinged or spotted with violet, rather fleshy. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, retuse to subacute, up to about 5.6 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but commonly a little broader, somewhat oblique. Petals about as long as the sepals but much narrower, linear-oblanceolate or cuneate-spatulate, rounded at the apex. Lip adnate to the column about to its middle; lamina simple, rhombic-ovate to round-ovate in outline, about 4 mm. or less long, nearly as wide or wider, irregularly dentate-fimbriate except toward the base; disc with a pair of short keels at the base. Column short, stout, about 3 mm. or less long. 442 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Peru: San Carlos, Mathews 1897 (E. alternans var. /3). Caja- marca: Prov. of Cutervo, trail between Socota and Tambillo, 3200 meters, common on clay banks beside trail, Stork & Horton 10165. Amazonas, Huanuco, Puno, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 147. 1921. Also Venezuela, Colombia (type) and Ecuador. Epidendrum fimbriatum HBK. var. rhomboglossum (Kranzl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 224. 1944. Epiden- drum rhomboglossum Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 28. 1916. Epidendrum integrilabium A. & S. Sched. Orch. 8: 46. 1925. Plant very similar to the type vegetatively, but differing in having often larger flowers (sepals up to 8 mm. long) with the lamina of the lip up to 7 mm. long, more or less longer than broad, with entire or subentire margins. Cuzco: "Pillahuata/' Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 3300-3500 meters, on rocky banks, Pennell 1 3923. Pillahuata Valley, Herrera 3331 . Valley of the Paucartambo, 3000 meters, Herrera 3367. Prov. of Paucar- tambo, above Pillahuata, 2600-2800 meters, on dry banks, West 7059. Same locality as last, 2300-2700 meters, on moist slopes, Vargas 77. Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, valley of Rio Pozuzo, tributary of Rio Palcazu, 1900-2000 meters, on cliffs, Weberbauer 673J,, (type of E. rhomboglossum). Puno: Prov. of Sandia, Sto. Domingo area, 1550 meters, McCarroll 138. Also Bolivia (type of E. integrilabium). Epidendrum Forgetianum Hort. ex Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 13: 752. 1893.=nomen subnudum. Epidendrum fragrans Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 123. 1788; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 83. 1898. Epidendrum cochleatum Curtis, Bot. Mag. 5, 1. 152. 1792, not L. Epidendrum lineatum Salisb. Prodr. 10. 1796. Epidendrum aemulum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 22, t. 1898. 1836. Plant epiphytic, with a stout, creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs more or less distant, fusiform to ellipsoid (rarely cylindric, ovoid or obovoid), up to 13 cm. long, often more or less arcuate, somewhat concealed by imbricating sheaths when young, 1- (very rarely 2-) leaved at the summit. Leaf oblong-elliptic or oblong (rarely oblong-linear), up to 30.5 (rarely 35) cm. long and 4.6 cm. wide, obtuse or acute, sessile or subsessile at the clasping base, coriaceous. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves, racemose, laxly few- to several-flowered above, with a more or less conspicuous, conduplicate spathe at the base; rachis up to 17 cm. long. Floral bracts minute. Flower medium-sized to large, more or less fleshy, sepals and petals spreading, white, greenish white, greenish or yellowish, lip whitish with purple stripes. Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, up to 3 (rarely 3.5) cm. long, convex, more or less dorsally carinate. Lateral sepals similar, slightly oblique. Petals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate to long- SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 443 acuminate, shorter but commonly broader than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to above the middle; lamina simple, round-ovate, up to 1.8 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide below, more or less abruptly long-acuminate (rarely acute), concave; disc fleshy- thickened at the base. Column short, stout, 3- toothed at the apex, about 7 mm. or less long, with a narrow, more or less lacerate-dentate lamina in front of the middle tooth. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke s.n., 559. Same locality, 1500 meters, Schunke 1169. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, King 1169, 1405, 10082. Valley of the Rio Maranon from Iquitos to the mouth of the Rio Santiago at Pongo de Manseriche, 160 meters, ca. 77 30' West Long., Tessmann 4094. Piura, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 148. 1921. A widespread and variable species extending from Mexico to Pan- ama, the West Indies (type of E. fragrans, E. cochleatum, and E. lineatum), and northern South America to Brazil (type of E. aemu- lum), Bolivia and Peru. Epidendrum Friderici-Guilielmi Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 110. 1854; Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1: 158, t. 51. 1856; Cogn. & Goossens, Diet. Icon. Orch. Epidendrum, t. 12, 1899. Epidendrum huacapistanae Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 183. 1905. Plant stout, up to 1.5 meters tall. Stems apparently approximate from an abbreviated rhizome, entirely concealed by tubular sheaths which are leaf-bearing above. Leaves 4 or more, distichous, obovate-oblong to elliptic or oblong-elliptic, subobtuse to sharply acute, narrowed to a deeply clasping base, up to 30 cm. long and 10.2 cm. wide, chartaceous. Inflorescence terminal, erect or nodding, up to about 43 cm. long, racemose, densely or subdensely several- to many-flowered above, the peduncle being more or less concealed by a stout, elongate, conduplicate spathe. Floral bracts minute. Pedicellate ovary very slender and elongate, up to 10 cm. long. Flowers purple or crimson, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 13-23 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblique. Petals linear-oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, a little shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina sharply 3-lobed, about 5-10 mm. long in the middle and 8 mm. or more wide near the base, deeply cordate at the base; lateral lobes obliquely suborbicular; mid-lobe ligulate-oblong (rarely elliptic-ligulate), porrect, abruptly narrowed above to a subacute or acuminate tip; disc with a pair of complanate calli at the base and a thickened line through the center. Column 8-12 mm. long, strongly dilated above in front, more or less arcuate. Peru: Sources of the Maranon River, 1800-2400 meters, Warsce- wicz s.n. (type). Cuzco: Marcapata, Quispicanchis, 2400-3000 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 1338. Junin: Prov. of Tarma, between Palca and Huacapistana, 1700-2400 meters, in thickets, Weberbauer 1778 (type of E. huacapistanae). Also Bolivia. 444 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Epidendrum frigidum Linden ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 31, Misc. 76, no. 48. 1845; Lindl. Orch. Linden. 7, no. 36. 1846; Fol. Orch. Epi- dendrum 89, no. 286. 1853; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 226. 1944. Epidendrum macrodonax Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 88. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 119, nr. 467. 1929. Plant stout, up to 3 meters high, on trees or rocks. Stem stout, apparently simple, strict, densely leafy, entirely concealed by close, tubular leaf-sheaths, about 6-10 mm. in diameter. Leaves erect or suberect, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute with an apicule at the apex, deeply clasping at the base, rigid, commonly with strongly revolute margins in the dried specimen, up to 11 cm. long and 3 cm. wide (but usually much narrower). Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, decurved above, with more or less elongate, slender branches, crowning a rather short, subcompressed peduncle; branches of the panicle densely or subdensely many-flowered, with small, ovate-deltoid, spreading floral bracts. Flowers small, fleshy, pale rose-colored. Sepals more or less verrucose without. Dorsal sepal ovate, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5.5-11 mm. long. Lateral sepals a little longer and wider, oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, very oblique, more or less carinate without. Petals narrowly linear, obtuse, nearly as long as the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to the upper portion; lamina simple, deeply concave and surrounding the apex of the column, up to 8 mm. in greatest length, broadly cordate-ovate when forcibly expanded, more or less acute, somewhat broader than long; disc at the base with a pair of minute calli. Column short, stout, straight, terminating in an oblique, subquadrate auricle on each side, about 5.8 mm. or less long at the back. Cuzco: "Valle de Santa Ana, alturas del Chaco," Herrera 2119 (Bues coll.). Huanuco: Mountains southeast of Monzon, 3300-3500 meters, in thicket, Weberbauer 3375 (type of E. macrodonax}. Also Venezuela (type of E. frigidum) and Colombia. I have examined photographs of Lindley's type of E. frigidum. Epidendrum frigidum Lind. ex Lindl. var. stenophyton (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 227. 1944. Epidendrum stenophyton Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 93. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 121, nr. 476. 1929. Plant differs from the type in having slender stems (4 mm. or less across the leaf-sheaths) which are usually simple but rarely branched, in having small leaves (up to 6 cm. long and 8 mm. wide), in having abbreviated, commonly racemose inflorescences, and in having flowers which are greenish white (sometimes pink- tinged) or pale yellow. Amazonas: East of Chachapoyas, 2700-2800 meters, Weberbauer 4419 (type of E. stenophyton). Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, on trail from Puyupata to Sayacmarca, 3600 meters, Vargas 2907. Prov. of Urubamba, near Wenner Gren ruins, 3600 meters, "wet sphagnum SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 445 on rocky bank, much fog and rain," Metcalf 30752, Huanuco: Mito, about 2700 meters, "firm grassy cliffs of upland gorge," Macbride 3372. Tambo de Vaca, about 4000 meters, on trees, Macbride 4345. Also Venezuela and Ecuador. Epidendrum frutex Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1: 95, t. 37. 1855. Plant terrestrial, tall, robust, about 78 cm.-5 meters high. Stems stout, caespitose, entirely concealed by tubular, verrucose, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves numerous, distichous, oblong-ligulate, narrowed to ah obtusely acute or apiculate apex, deeply clasping at the base, up to 22.5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, coriaceous, with the margins commonly strongly revolute in the dried specimen. Inflo- rescence terminal, compound-paniculate, commonly erect (rarely recurved), shortly peduncled, up to 19.3 cm. high, with numerous distichous, more or less pendent branches; branches and branchlets densely or subdensely several-flowered, rather short, with a fractiflex rachis. Floral bracts small, deltoid, acute or acu- minate, concave, fleshy, spreading. Flowers very small, fleshy, rigid, yellow, greenish yellow, or green tinged with brown or purple. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, about 6 mm. or less long. Lateral sepals a little longer but much wider, very obliquely triangular-ovate or elliptic-ovate, dorsally carinate above. Petals nearly as long as the dorsal sepal, linear or oblanceolate-linear, obtuse to subacute. Lip about as long as the lateral sepals (including the claw), adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina simple, concave-conduplicate, acute, transversely ovate when forcibly expanded and up to about 7 mm. wide (broader than long), broadly rounded or subcordate at the base, with a thickened line through the center. Column very short and stout, up to 3.5 mm. long from the base to the apex of the tooth on each side. Huanuco: Playapampa, about 2700 meters, "open sphagnum uplands," Macbride 4892. Also Venezuela, Colombia (?type) and Ecuador. Epidendrum fruticulum (as fruticulus) Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 84. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 118, nr. 462. 1929. Plant epiphytic, rather slender for the genus, up to 40 cm. or more long. Stems lax or arcuate, loosely 2- or 3-forked above, with numerous abbreviated, appressed branchlets, entirely invested by short, tubular, imbricating sheaths (evanescent on the lower portion), bearing groups of 2 or 3 distichous leaves on or at the base of the branchlets. Leaves oblong or oblong-elliptic ("ligulate"), apiculate at the rounded or bilobulate apex, deeply clasping at the base, up to 3.5 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, coriaceous, spreading. Inflorescences numerous, terminal at the tips of the abbreviated branchlets, racemose, few- (5- to 8-) flowered, spreading or recurved in the course of development, with a very short peduncle. Floral bracts small, linear-lanceolate. Flowers rather small, sulphur-yellow, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate with a calyptriform apex, about 8.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals very obliquely obovate- oblong, acuminate, dorsally carinate above, slightly longer and markedly broader 446 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 than the dorsal sepal. Petals shorter than the sepals, oblanceolate-linear, obtuse to subacute, lightly falcate above! Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina deeply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, 4.2-5 mm. long in the center and 7-8 mm. wide across the lateral lobes, convex in natural position; lateral lobes obliquely ovate-dolabriform with the rounded outer margins irregularly and min- utely denticulate; mid-lobe a little smaller, porrect, subquadrate below, dilated above with a bluntly 3-toothed apex; disc with a pair of fleshy calli at the base and a thickened line in the middle. Column rather large, abruptly dilated in front on the upper half, very oblique at the base, 6.2 mm. or less long, terminating on each side in a transversely oblong auricle. Cuzco: "Pillahuata," Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 2800-3100 meters, in thicket, Pennell 14127. Junin: Mountains west of Huacapistana, 3000-3100 meters, Weberbauer 2053 (type). Epidendrum Funkii Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 839. 1849. Epi- dendrum brachycladium Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 60, no. 186. 1853. Epidendrum brachycladium (/3.) crassipes Lindl. I.e. Epiden- drum crassipes Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 25. 1916. Plant medium-sized to large and stout, with a long creeping rhizome, up to about 1.6 meters high. Stem near the base with a more or less conspicuous, fusi- form dilation which is about 15 cm. or less long, distichously leafed above, entirely concealed by close, tubular sheaths, which are evanescent below. Leaves up to 11, loose, oblong-linear to elliptic-oblong, up to 22.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, obtuse and often apiculate, ascending. Inflorescence much surpassing the leaves, consist- ing of an elongate peduncle which is entirely concealed by close, scarious, imbri- cating sheaths, terminating in one or more distant, densely flowered, short racemes which are rarely branching. Floral bracts generally short and much exceeded by the slender pedicellate ovary. Flowers small, pink or rose-purple to lavender or white. Dorsal sepal obovate-oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, acute to obtuse, up to 10 mm. long and 4 mm. wide. Lateral sepals very obliquely oblanceolate-obo- vate or oblong-obovate, acute and mucronate from a dorsal subapical keel, slightly longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals cuneate-spatulate or oblanceolate, more or less oblique, acute to obtuse, with the margins more or less denticulate, about as long as the dorsal sepal and either narrower or wider above. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, distinctly exceeding the sepals; lamina deeply 3-lobed, transverse, up to 8 mm. long and 20 mm. wide; lateral lobes wide-spreading, obliquely obovate-cuneate with the outer margins rounded or subtruncate and crenulate to lacerate-dentate; mid-lobe smaller or subequal, from a more or less distinct subquadrate base dilated and deeply bilobed at the apex; disc bicallose at the base, with a short or long fleshy ridge between the calli. Column short or long, gradually dilated above, with a transverse dorsally acute auricle on each side at the apex, up to 6.1 mm. long at the back. Ayacucho: Apurimac Valley, Quebrada Pincopa, 2800 meters, Herrera 1456. Ccarrapa, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 1500 meters, terrestrial on open hillside, Killip & Smith 22342. Same locality, 1000 meters, terrestrial on wooded hillside, Killip & Smith SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 447 22470. Cajamarca: Prov. of Jae*n, left lateral valley of the River Huancabamba, above Shumaya, 2400-2500 meters, in grassy plains of slight periodicity with scattering evergreen shrubs, Weberbauer 6292 (type of E. crassipes). Cuzco: "Pillahuata," Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 2200-2400 meters, on rocky cliff above stream, epiphytic, Pennell 13985. Same locality, 2200-3000 meters, terrestrial in thickets and forest, Pennell 14063. Huanuco: McLean, Mathews (type of E. brachy- cladium) fide Lindley. Mufia, about 2100 meters, epiphyte "on sunny branches of dry woods," Macbride 3973. Junin: Huacapistana, 1800- 2400 meters, on open hillside, Killip & Smith 24201. Carpapata, above Huacapistana, about 2400 meters, on open hillside, Killip & Smith 24348. Prov. of Tarma, between Palca and Carpapata, 2900 meters, "all over the hills, mostly on shallow soil pockets in boulders," Stork 10961. Above Carpapata, mountain slopes, 2350-2400 meters, Ferreyra 3736. Prov. of Tarma, Agua Dulce, 2400 meters, on moun- tain slope covered with grass-steppe, Woytkowski 35466, 35467. Satipo, Conception, Km. 160, terrestrial on roadside, Seibert 2386. Puno, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 146. 1921. Also Venezuela, Colombia (type of E. Funkii) and Bolivia. Epidendrum gastrochilum Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 384. 1906. Plant epiphytic, about 30 cm. or less tall, loosely branching above. Stems slender, entirely concealed by tubular sheaths which are evanescent through the basal portion, scarious in the lower part of the plant and leaf-bearing except at the base of the branches. Leaves distichous, narrowly lanceolate-oblong or linear- oblong (rarely elliptic-oblong near the base of the branches), abruptly truncate above with a bilobulate, apiculate apex, clasping at the base, up to 4.5 (rarely 6) cm. long and 6 mm. wide. Inflorescences terminal, racemose, pendent, loosely 3- to 4-flowered, with a very short peduncle. Floral bracts very minute, triangular. Flowers greenish brown or olivaceous. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate or "oblong," acute or acuminate, nearly 1.5 cm. long. Lateral sepals somewhat longer and broader, obliquely and broadly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals about as long as the dorsal sepal, oblanceolate-linear, acute, "narrowly lanceolate, acumi- nate." Lip adnate to the column and forming a broad sack at the base, nearly 2 cm. long including the claw; lamina simple, broadly obovate-oblong, sinuate- retuse in front with a triangular apicule in the center, denticulate throughout, about 8 mm. wide; disc with 4 short keels near the base. Column lightly recurved, probably stout, about 8 mm. long. Cajamarca: Prov. of Chota, mountains west of Huambos, 2900- 3000 meters, in sclerophyllous vegetation consisting of bushes with small trees interspersed, Weberbauer 4172. This plant may be referable to the genus Diothonea, but I have seen only a photographic record of the type without a distinct lip. 448 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 The above diagnosis was amplified by an examination of this photo- graph. Epidendrum geminiflorum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 354. 1816; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 49, no. 155. 1853. Epidendrum cajamarcae Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 81. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 117, nr. 459. 1929. Plant epiphytic, creeping, with stiff ascending, lateral branches. Stems (lat- eral branches) entirely or mostly concealed by loose, tubular sheaths, 3- to 4- leafed near the summit, about 15 cm. high, more or less flexuous. Leaves oblong- elliptic or "oblong," obtuse or shortly bilobulate at the apex, clasping at the base, up to 6.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, more or less coriaceous, spreading. Inflores- cence terminal, 2- or 3-flowered, subumbellate, with the abbreviated peduncle con- cealed by a conspicuous, conduplicate spathe 2-4 cm. long. Floral bracts small, deltoid. Pedicelled ovary elongate, 2-4.5 cm. long. Flowers coriaceous, yellowish green or brownish green. Sepals with revolute margins. Dorsal sepal oblong- lanceolate, about 1.8 cm. or less long, subacute to acuminate. Lateral sepals sim- ilar but oblique, obtuse to acuminate. Petals obliquely linear-lanceolate, nearly as long as the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina broadly ovate in outline, cordate at the base, 3-lobed at the middle, about 1.2 cm. long, up to 1 cm. wide near the base; lateral lobes rounded or semiquadrate; mid-lobe triangular-ovate; disc with 2 or 3 carinate calli at the base. Column short, grad- ually dilated upward, about 7 mm. long. Cajamarca: Chugua, northwest of Hualgayoc, 2700-2900 meters, Weberbauer 4102 (type of E. cajamarcae}. Also Colombia (type of E. geminiflorum) and Ecuador. I have examined a photograph of Lindley's concept of this species. Epidendrum Giroudianum Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 327. 1856. Plant tall, rather stout, up to about 73 cm. or more tall. Stem stout, entirely concealed by tubular, leaf-bearing sheaths, about 30 cm. or more high. Leaves distichous, numerous, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, more or less narrowed to an obtuse apex, clasping at the base, up to 9.7 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Inflo- rescence terminal, elongate, racemose at the apex; peduncle long, concealed by numerous close, tubular, more or less imbricating sheaths; raceme rather short, loose at the base, dense above, many- (10- to 12-) flowered. Flowers fleshy, pur- plish-red, with spreading segments. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, acute, about 1.5 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar, apparently a little broader, oblique. Petals nearly as long as the sepals, elliptic or oblanceolate-elliptic. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina deeply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, bilobed at the apex, about 7 mm. long in the center and 7 mm. or more wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes strongly retrorse, subquadrate or "flabellate" with the anterior margin revolute and the outer subtruncate margin sharply dentate; mid-lobe por- rect, from a cuneate-subquadrate base abruptly dilated into 2 spreading, rounded lobules which are sharply dentate in front; disc occupied in the center of the base by a conspicuous, 7- to 9-lobulate, depressed callus. Column about 5 mm. long, dilated above, with a tridentate clinandrium. SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 449 Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n. (cult. Gireoud). Plant described from the original citation together with drawings of the type, from the Reichenbach Herbarium. Epidendrum gladiatum Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 106. 1831. Epidendrum vandifolium Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. London 4: 269. 1849. Epidendrum Juergensenii Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. n.s. 14: 524. 1880. Plant variable, epiphytic on trees and rocks, about 52 cm. or less high up to the apex of the inflorescence. Stems approximate from an abbreviated rhizome, en- tirely concealed by close, tubular, imbricating sheaths which are scarious and evanes- cent below and leaf -bearing through the upper part, up to 46 cm. long, erect or lightly arcuate. Leaves few to numerous, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate (rarely elliptic-oblong or narrowly linear), abruptly acute to obtuse, deeply clasping at the base, up to 18 cm. long and 1.7 cm. wide, rigidly ascending, commonly thickly coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, usually decurved, consisting of a single raceme or a few- to many-branched (but congested) panicle which is shorter than the leaves, having an abbreviated peduncle which is concealed by distichously imbri- cating, marcescent sheaths. Floral bracts very small. Pedicellate ovary rather long and slender. Flowers medium-sized, greenish, yellowish or russet, often tinged with vinaceous (rarely lavender or purple). Segments spreading, commonly with revolute sides. Dorsal sepal oblong-oblanceolate to obovate-cuneate, obtuse to abruptly acute, up to 11.9 mm. long. Lateral sepals oblong-obovate or oblong- oblanceolate, very oblique, about as long as the dorsal sepal but wider. Petals linear-spatulate or narrowly cuneate-oblanceolate, about equaling the sepals in length, obtuse to rounded at the apex. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina sharply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, about 7.5 mm. or less long in the center, 11.6 mm. or less wide across the lateral lobes near the base; lateral lobes obliquely suborbicular to semiorbicular or rounded-subquadrate, with a rounded base, irreg- ular outer margins and a more or less straight anterior margin; mid-lobe porrect, from a subquadrate base somewhat dilated into a bilobed apiculate apex (more rarely cuneate-quadrate in outline); disc with a pair of rounded calli at the base and commonly with 3 fleshy ridges in front. Column 8 mm. or less long, abruptly dilated in front above the middle. Peru: Habitat unknown, Pavdn s.n. (type). Huanuco, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 148. 1921. A species apparently frequent in Mexico (where commonly known as E. vandifolium Lindl. or E. Juergensenii Reichb. f.). Also Bolivia, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 10: 70. 1922. Epidendrum glossoceras Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 110. 1854. Plant slender, up to 60 cm. high. Stem flexuous, nearly concealed by close, tubular, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves distichous, linear or linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate, up to 15 cm. long and 8.5 mm. wide, ascending, rather numerous. Inflores- cence terminal, racemose, about 13 cm. long, the peduncle being concealed by 1 450 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 or 2 lanceolate, foliaceous spathes. Raceme loosely many-flowered, up to 10 cm. long. Floral bracts small, triangular-setaceous, three times shorter than the pedi- celled ovary. Flowers small, three times smaller than those of E. cornutum. Sepals "lanceolate" or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals linear-ligulate, somewhat shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina deeply 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, subquadrate, broader than long, with the truncate- retuse outer margin minutely crenulate; mid-lobe porrect, linear-lanceolate or tri- angular-linear; disc with a broad, prostrate, triangular callus at the base of each lateral lobe produced in front into a long central keel extending through the mid- lobe. Column decurved, dilated above. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n. This description was drawn from the original citation and a draw- ing from the Reichenbach Herbarium. Epidendrum gracilicaule Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bonpl. 2: 111. 1854. Vegetative parts lacking. Inflorescence more than 30 cm. long, often bifur- cating at the apex into 2 short racemes; peduncle slender, entirely invested by a series of close, imbricating, tubular sheaths; racemes short, densely many-flowered, suberect to pendent, up to 7 cm. long. Floral bracts very short, triangular. Flowers small, orange-yellow, with spreading segments, nearly 1.3 cm. across, rather fleshy. Sepals "oblong" or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, about 6 mm. long, the lateral ones probably oblique. Petals similar to the sepals, but a little narrower. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, about as long as the sepals; lamina deeply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, retuse at the apex, about 5 mm. wide and somewhat shorter in the center; lateral lobes obliquely triangular-ovate, cuneate at the base, rounded in outline at the apex, lacerate-dentate except near the base; mid-lobe flabellate in outline, transverse, retuse or bilobed at the dentate apex, separated from the lateral lobes by a narrow sinus; disc at the base with a prominent, hippocrepiform, de- pressed callus which is crenate on the margin. Column about 3 mm. long, slightly dilated upward, with a 3-lobed, but not serrate, clinandrium. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Warscewicz s.n. This description is based on the original diagnosis, supplemented by a drawing of the species from the Reichenbach Herbarium. Epidendrum gramineum Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 103. 1831; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 88, no. 279. 1853; Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 525. 1906. Plant rather slender, strict or slightly arcuate, sometimes exceeding 60 cm. in height. Stems simple or more commonly branched with ascending, short or elon- gate branches, entirely concealed by close, tubular, pustulose, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, up to 6.5 cm. long and about 4 mm. wide, apicu- late at the obtuse or abruptly acute apex, clasping at the base, erect-ascending, coriaceous, with minutely cartilaginous-erose margins. Inflorescences terminal, arcuate or pendent, usually loosely paniculate (with few branches), sometimes SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 451 racemose, very shortly peduncled, loosely few- to several-flowered, the rachis often fractiflex. Floral bracts minute, ovate, about equaling the pedicelled ovary. Flowers very small, fleshy, greenish suffused with red, with spreading or reflexed sepals and petals. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, subacute, up to 4.6 mm. long (according to Kranzlin, I.e., all flower parts are 6-7 mm. long). Lateral sepals similar but a little larger, acute, subcarinate at the apex. Petals linear to elliptic-linear, subacute or obtuse, rather shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, about equaling the petals; lamina simple, ovate-cordate or cordate- triangular, con- cave, sharply acute or acuminate, a little shorter than the sepals, about 3 mm. long and somewhat wider; disc naked. Column very short and stout, clasped by the cordate auricles of the base of the lip, terminating on each side in a transversely oblong auricle. Peru: Habitat not cited, Pavdn s.n. (type). Cuzco: Herrera 2156, 2159, 2160 (Bues coll.). Huanuco: Prov. of Huamalies, mountains southwest of Monzon, 3400-3500 meters, on cliffs, Weberbauer 3328. Epidendrum gramma toglossum Reichb. f. Linnaea 22: 837. 1849; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 32, no. 97. 1853; Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 350. 1862. Plant rather small, up to 26.5 cm. tall, epiphytic on trees or rocks, with a stout, creeping and sometimes branching rhizome. Pseudobulbs approximate to subre- mote, cylindric or narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, bearing 2 (very rarely 3) leaves near the summit, mostly concealed by several imbricating, evanescent sheaths, 2.5-8 cm. long. Leaves linear-oblong or linear, obtuse or abruptly acute and shortly apiculate, clasping at the base, up to 17.6 cm. long, 5-11 mm. wide, subcoriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, shorter or longer than the leaves, loosely few- to many-flowered above the middle, up to 20.2 cm. long, the base of the peduncle clothed with a small, membranaceous, conduplicate spathe of variable length. Flowers small, fleshy, with spreading segments, yellow to green, the white lip often lined with purple. Dorsal sepal narrowly triangular-lanceolate, long-acuminate with a complicate apex, up to 9 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely triangular- lanceolate, long-acuminate, a little longer and broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals narrowly oblong-lanceolate, linear or elliptic-linear, acute or acuminate, distinctly shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the lower part of the column; lamina sharply 3-lobed, with a shortly and broadly cuneate base, 5.2 mm. or less long, and sub- equally wide below when expanded; lateral lobes erect and enfolding the column in natural position, round-ovate, more or less retrorse, subcordate to truncate at the base; mid-lobe porrect, triangular or linear-triangular, long-acuminate, some- times very fleshy; disc with a pair of approximate, oblong calli or an oblong, con- cave, retuse callus between the lateral lobes. Column short, straight, prominently 3-toothed at the apex, 4 mm. or less long, the lateral teeth longer and the middle tooth with a thinner lamina in front of it. Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000 meters, in open woods, Killip & Smith 22600. Cuzco : Prov. of Uru- bamba, 2250 meters, "Kil. 96, F.C.C. Sta. Ana" on rocks, Vargas 5085. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke s.n. Same 452 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 locality, 1200 meters, Schunke 1305, 1336, 1639. Also Venezuela (type), Colombia and Ecuador. Epidendrum grandiflorum Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 86. 1841; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 44, no. 135. 1853. Plant large and stout, about 36 cm. or more tall. Stem entirely concealed by close, tubular leaf-sheaths, about 1 cm. wide. Leaves distichous, about 4 in num- ber in the type, linear-oblong or elliptic-linear, obtuse, up to 21.3 cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide, deeply clasping, spreading. Inflorescence terminal, about 20 cm. long, lightly arcuate, racemose through the upper two thirds, the peduncle con- cealed by 2 prominent, oblong, scarious, conduplicate spathes; raceme subdensely many-flowered, with a more or less flexuous rachis. Floral bracts minute, setaceous from a broad base. Flowers large, coriaceous. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate ("oval"), acute, 1-1.5 cm. long. Lateral sepals equally long, but distinctly wider, very obliquely lanceolate-elliptic or semiorbicular. Petals linear, falcate, nearly as long as the sepals. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina oblate- suborbicular, somewhat broader than long, cordate at the base, retuse at the apex, with the posterior margins crisped; disc with 2 elevated veins or short keels at the base and with a thickened ridge through the middle. Column abbreviated, dilated toward the apex. Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 1871. Description compiled from the cited diagnoses, supplemented by records from the Lindley Herbarium at Kew. Since the completion of this enumeration, it has been pointed out by Mr. A. D. Hawkes, in Orquidea 18: 173. 1956, that this name is a homonym and he proposes for it the new name, E. Sanderi. Epidendrum haematanthum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 86. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 118, nr. 464. 1929. Plant tall, erect, up to 1 meter high, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems alto- gether concealed by close, tubular sheaths which are leaf-bearing through the upper half. Leaves numerous, erect-spreading, oblong-ligulate, obtuse, up to 8.5 cm. long and 2.2 cm. wide, somewhat dilated toward the base. Inflorescence terminal, slen- der, up to 45 cm. tall, the slender peduncle provided with about 7 close, tubular sheaths, bearing at the summit an abbreviated, densely many-flowered raceme. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, small. Flowers medium-sized, spreading, bright scarlet, smooth. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong ("oblong"), obtusely apiculate, about 1.3 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblique. Petals obliquely lanceolate-elliptic, subacute, about as long as the sepals, with irregular margins. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina ovate-quadrate in outline, sharply 3-lobed, deeply cordate at the base, about 7 mm. long and almost 11 mm. wide near the base; lateral lobes obliquely semiovate, obtuse, denticulate except at the base; mid-lobe from a subquadrate claw abruptly dilated into a broadly reniform, bilob- ulate, apiculate apex, the rounded lobules being crenulate-dentate; disc provided in the center with a large, ovate, subobtuse callus and with a small callus on each SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 453 side extending onto the middle of the lateral lobes. Column straight, a little dilated above, about 1 cm. long. Cuzco: In the neighborhood of Tambo Cotani, on the road from Sandia to Chunchusmayo, 1500 meters, Weberbauer 1286. No specimen of this species was available. Epidendrum Haenkeanum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 100. 1827; Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 58, no. 179. 1853. Epidendrum junin- ense Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 87. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 119, nr. 466. 1929. Plant large, terrestrial or sub terrestrial to epiphytic (often climbing), up to 13 dm. high, with an ascending rhizome up to 3 meters long. Stems simple or commonly branched with suberect or divaricate branches which often produce scattering, long fibrous roots, mostly concealed by close, tubular sheaths which are scarious and evanescent below and leaf-bearing in the upper portions. Leaves loosely distichous, 4-8 on the upper part of the branches, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate (rarely elliptic-lanceolate), up to 13 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide, narrowed to an acute or acuminate (often apiculate) apex, clasping at the base, widely spreading, subcoriaceous. Inflorescence terminal, loosely and laxly panic- ulate, with few divaricate branches, loosely few- to many-flowered, about 19 cm. or less long, the short peduncle often bearing a small inconspicuous spathe. Pedi- celled ovary slender, elongate, much exceeding the triangular-lanceolate, acuminate floral bracts. Flowers medium-sized, subfleshy, greenish with white petals and lip, pinkish-yellow, greenish-yellow or rose-cream color, with spreading segments. Dor- sal sepal oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate, acute with a dorsal mucro, 16-22 mm. long. Lateral sepals very obliquely oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate, sharply acute, with the prominent subapical keel extended into a mucro, a little longer and broader than the dorsal sepal, obliquely adnate to the column at the base. Petals spatulate- linear, oblique, obtuse to acute, nearly equaling the dorsal sepal. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex, slightly exceeding the sepals; lamina sharply 3-lobed, deeply cordate at the base, 5-10 mm. long in the middle, up to 16 mm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes suborbicular-oval, lightly reflexed in natural position, with the outer margins crenulate-denticulate; mid-lobe variable, quadrate to ob- long-cuneate, retuse and bluntly apiculate with erose lobules; disc with a pair of complanate-rounded calli at the base enclosing a central fleshy- thickened line. Column long, slender, abruptly dilated near the apex in front, terminating in a pair of transversely subquadrate auricles, 12-18 mm. long at the back. Peru: Habitat not recorded, in mountains, Haenke s.n. (type). Cuzco: Paucartambo, "Pillahuata," 2900 meters, on wooded slopes, Vargas 2053. Prov. of Convention, "Alturas de Pintobamba," 2700 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 3553. Prov. of Urubamba, Tuncapata, 2800 meters, in humus of dense forest, Vargas 264-7. Prov. of Urubamba, "Huinaihuaina," 2550 meters, Vargas 4116. Huanuco: Huacachi, near Mufia, in "montana," about 2000 meters, Macbride 4105. Prov. of Huanuco, Carpish, about 2850 meters, Asplund 13129. Between 454 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30 Huanuco and Tingo Maria, at Km. 41, 2150 meters, climbing through small trees, Seibert 2303. Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Sawada P. 37. Junin : Right lateral valley of Rio Comas, 2700 meters, Weberbauer 6611 (type of E. juninense). Epidendrum Harmsianum Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 117: 24. 1916. Plant low, with a long-creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs closely approximate and apparently in contact at the base, cylindric or ellipsoid-cylindric, obliquely appressed to the rhizome, up to 4.5 cm. long, diphyllous, provided with a triangu- lar, evanescent sheath. Leaves elliptic-oblong to elliptic, broadly obtuse or retuse and minutely bilobulate at the apex, clasping at the base, up to 6 cm. long and 1.6 cm. wide, coriaceous. Inflorescence a little shorter than the leaves, up to 4 cm. long, 1- or rarely 2-flowered at the apex, with the peduncle partly concealed by a conspicuous, oblong, conduplicate spathe which is about 2.5 cm. long. Pedicellate ovary up to 2.5 cm. long, many times surpassing the minute bract. Flowers sul- phur-yellow. Sepals oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute, about 1.6 cm. long, thickly fleshy, the lateral sepals lightly oblique. Petals narrowly oblanceolate, subacute, a little shorter than the sepals and much thinner in texture. Lip adnate to the column up to its apex; lamina when forcibly expanded transversely round-oval or "transversely ovate-oblong," abruptly short-apiculate in front, subcordate at the base, up to 8 mm. long and 13 mm. wide; disc with a pair of rather distant, small tubercles at the base. Column large, dilated upward from near the base, about 10 mm. long, the posterior margin of the clinandrium with a prominent, erect lobe. Cajamarca: Prov. of Jaen (5 10 '-5 20' S. Br.), 2600-2900 me- ters, in sclerophyllous vegetation consisting of shrubs and scattering small trees, Weberbauer 6134. Description made from an excellent photograph of the type speci- men, supplemented by the original diagnosis. Epidendrum Hartwegii Lindl. Benth. PI. Hartweg. 150. 1844; Fol. Orch. Epidendrum 36, no. 113. 1853; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 228. 1944. Epidendrum fuscum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 84. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 118, nr. 463. 1929. Plant epiphytic, commonly rather large, variable, up to 39 cm. high from the stout, creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs more or less separated on the rhizome, fusi- form to narrowly cylindric in the dried specimen, up to 17 cm. long, bearing 2 distinctly separated leaves near the summit, clothed below by 2 to 6 scarious, im- bricating, evanescent sheaths. Leaves linear-oblong or ligulate to narrowly elliptic- oblong, obtuse to rounded at the apex, clasping below, up to 28 cm. long and 3.2 cm. wide (the Peruvian collections often much smaller), coriaceous, erect-spreading. Inflorescence terminal, subequaling or slightly exceeding the leaves, up to over 21 cm. long, erect to lightly arcuate, racemose above, the peduncle being enclosed at the base by a conduplicate, oblong, membranaceous, evanescent spathe which SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 455 is 6.7 cm. or less long. Raceme loosely several- to many- (14-) flowered. Floral bracts minute, deltoid. Flowers rather small, fleshy, with spreading segments, yellowish, reddish-brown or purplish-brown tinged with yellowish-green, often with dark red or violet-purple petals. Dorsal sepal oblong-elliptic or oblong-ovate, ob- tuse or acute, up to 12.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-ovate, shortly acuminate, about equally long and broad with the dorsal sepal. Petals nearly as long as the sepals, variable, obovate-oblong to cuneate-spatulate, acute or apicu- late. Lip adnate to the basal part of the column; lamina subequally 3-lobed, up to 6.6 mm. long (7 mm. in E. fuscum) and somewhat wider across the lateral lobes, cuneate at the base; lateral lobes suborbicular or rounded-subquadrate from a cuneate base; mid-lobe quadrate-ovate, abruptly and obtusely acute; disc mostly occupied in the center by an ovate-oblong, sulcate, puberulent callus. Column short and stout, straight, somewhat dilated upward, 3-toothed at the apex, up to 5 mm. long (6 mm. in E. fuscum). Cajamarca: Eastern slopes of the Cordillera above Tabaconas, 2400 meters, Weberbauer 6301 (type of E. fuscum). Cuzco: "Pilla- huata," Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 2200-2400 meters, in forest, Pennell 13984- Huanuco: Yanano, about 1800 meters, Macbride 384-3. Also Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador (type of E. Hartwegii). Epidendrum Herreranum C. Schweinf. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Ci